Changes

70:1.1 [[War]] is the [[natural]] [[state]] and [[heritage]] of [[evolving]] [[man]]; [[peace]] is the social yardstick [[measuring]] [[civilization]]'s advancement. Before the partial [[socialization]] of the advancing [[races]] man was exceedingly [[individualistic]], extremely [[suspicious]], and unbelievably quarrelsome. [[Violence]] is the [[law]] of [[nature]], hostility the [[automatic]] [[reaction]] of the [[children]] of [[nature]], while [[war]] is but these same [[activities]] carried on [[collectively]]. And wherever and whenever the [[fabric]] of [[civilization]] becomes [[stressed]] by the [[complications]] of [[society]]'s advancement, there is always an [[immediate]] and ruinous reversion to these early [[methods]] of [[violent]] [[adjustment]] of the irritations of [[human]] [[interassociations]].

70:1.1 [[War]] is the [[natural]] [[state]] and [[heritage]] of [[evolving]] [[man]]; [[peace]] is the social yardstick [[measuring]] [[civilization]]'s advancement. Before the partial [[socialization]] of the advancing [[races]] man was exceedingly [[individualistic]], extremely [[suspicious]], and unbelievably quarrelsome. [[Violence]] is the [[law]] of [[nature]], hostility the [[automatic]] [[reaction]] of the [[children]] of [[nature]], while [[war]] is but these same [[activities]] carried on [[collectively]]. And wherever and whenever the [[fabric]] of [[civilization]] becomes [[stressed]] by the [[complications]] of [[society]]'s advancement, there is always an [[immediate]] and ruinous reversion to these early [[methods]] of [[violent]] [[adjustment]] of the irritations of [[human]] [[interassociations]].

70:1.2 [[War]] is an [[animalistic]] [[reaction]] to misunderstandings and irritations; [[peace]] attends upon the [[civilized]] solution of all such [[problems]] and [[difficulties]]. The [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_64#64:6._THE_SIX_SANGIK_RACES_OF_URANTIA Sangik races], [[together]] with the later deteriorated [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_78#78:2._THE_ADAMITES_IN_THE_SECOND_GARDEN Adamites] and [[Nodites]], were all belligerent. The [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_63#63:5._DISPERSION_OF_THE_ANDONITES Andonites] were early taught the [[golden rule]], and, even today, their [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo Eskimo] descendants live very much by that code; [[custom]] is strong among them, and they are fairly free from [[violent]] [[antagonisms]].

70:1.2 [[War]] is an [[animalistic]] [[reaction]] to misunderstandings and irritations; [[peace]] attends upon the [[civilized]] solution of all such [[problems]] and [[difficulties]]. The [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_64#64:6._THE_SIX_SANGIK_RACES_OF_URANTIA Sangik races], [[together]] with the later deteriorated [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_78#78:2._THE_ADAMITES_IN_THE_SECOND_GARDEN Adamites] and [[Nodites]], were all belligerent. The [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_63#63:5._DISPERSION_OF_THE_ANDONITES Andonites] were early taught the [[golden rule]], and, even today, their [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo Eskimo] descendants live very much by that code; [[custom]] is strong among them, and they are fairly free from [[violent]] [[antagonisms]].

70:1.3 [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_63#63:1._ANDON_AND_FONTA Andon] taught his [[children]] to settle disputes by each beating a tree with a stick, meanwhile cursing the tree; the one whose stick broke first was the victor. The later [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_63#63:5._DISPERSION_OF_THE_ANDONITES Andonites] used to settle disputes by holding a [[public]] show at which the disputants made fun of and ridiculed each other, while the [[audience]] decided the winner by its [[applause]].

70:1.3 [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_63#63:1._ANDON_AND_FONTA Andon] taught his [[children]] to settle disputes by each beating a tree with a stick, meanwhile cursing the tree; the one whose stick broke first was the victor. The later [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_63#63:5._DISPERSION_OF_THE_ANDONITES Andonites] used to settle disputes by holding a [[public]] show at which the disputants made fun of and ridiculed each other, while the [[audience]] decided the winner by its [[applause]].

70:1.4 But there could be no such [[phenomenon]] as [[war]] until [[society]] had [[evolved]] sufficiently far to [[actually]] [[experience]] periods of [[peace]] and to [[sanction]] [[warlike]] [[practices]]. The very [[concept]] of [[war]] implies some [[degree]] of [[organization]].

70:1.4 But there could be no such [[phenomenon]] as [[war]] until [[society]] had [[evolved]] sufficiently far to [[actually]] [[experience]] periods of [[peace]] and to [[sanction]] [[warlike]] [[practices]]. The very [[concept]] of [[war]] implies some [[degree]] of [[organization]].

*7. 70:1.14 ''[[Religion]]'' —the [[desire]] to make [[converts]] to the [[cult]]. The [[primitive]] [[religions]] all [[sanction]]ed [[war]]. Only in recent times has [[religion]] begun to frown upon [[war]]. The early [[priesthoods]] were, unfortunately, usually allied with the [[military]] [[power]]. One of the great [[peace]] moves of the ages has been the attempt to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state separate church and state].

*7. 70:1.14 ''[[Religion]]'' —the [[desire]] to make [[converts]] to the [[cult]]. The [[primitive]] [[religions]] all [[sanction]]ed [[war]]. Only in recent times has [[religion]] begun to frown upon [[war]]. The early [[priesthoods]] were, unfortunately, usually allied with the [[military]] [[power]]. One of the great [[peace]] moves of the ages has been the attempt to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state separate church and state].

70:1.15 Always these olden [[tribes]] made [[war]] at the bidding of their [[gods]], at the behest of their chiefs or [[medicine men]]. The [[Hebrews]] believed in such a "God of battles"[http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Deutoronomy#Chapter_.20]; and the [[narrative]] of their raid on the [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Numbers#Chapter_.31 Midianites] is a typical recital of the atrocious cruelty of the ancient [[tribal]] wars; this [[assault]], with its slaughter of all the [[males]] and the later killing of all male [[children]] and all [[women]] who were not virgins, would have done [[honor]] to the mores of a tribal chieftain of two hundred thousand years ago. And all this was [[executed]] in the "name of the Lord God of Israel."[http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Deutoronomy#Chapter_.7]

70:1.15 Always these olden [[tribes]] made [[war]] at the bidding of their [[gods]], at the behest of their chiefs or [[medicine men]]. The [[Hebrews]] believed in such a "God of battles"[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Deutoronomy#Chapter_.20]; and the [[narrative]] of their raid on the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Numbers#Chapter_.31 Midianites] is a typical recital of the atrocious cruelty of the ancient [[tribal]] wars; this [[assault]], with its slaughter of all the [[males]] and the later killing of all male [[children]] and all [[women]] who were not virgins, would have done [[honor]] to the mores of a tribal chieftain of two hundred thousand years ago. And all this was [[executed]] in the "name of the Lord God of Israel."[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Deutoronomy#Chapter_.7]

70:1.16 This is a [[narrative]] of the [[evolution]] of [[society]]—the natural outworking of the [[problems]] of the [[races]]—man working out his own [[destiny]] on [[earth]]. Such atrocities are not instigated by [[Deity]], notwithstanding the [[tendency]] of man to place the [[responsibility]] on his [[gods]].

70:1.16 This is a [[narrative]] of the [[evolution]] of [[society]]—the natural outworking of the [[problems]] of the [[races]]—man working out his own [[destiny]] on [[earth]]. Such atrocities are not instigated by [[Deity]], notwithstanding the [[tendency]] of man to place the [[responsibility]] on his [[gods]].

70:1.17 [[Military]] [[mercy]] has been slow in coming to [[mankind]]. Even when a [[woman]], [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Judges#Chapter_.4 Deborah], ruled the [[Hebrews]], the same wholesale cruelty [[persisted]]. Her general in his victory over the gentiles caused "all the host to fall upon the sword; there was not one left."[http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Judges#Chapter_.4]

70:1.17 [[Military]] [[mercy]] has been slow in coming to [[mankind]]. Even when a [[woman]], [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Judges#Chapter_.4 Deborah], ruled the [[Hebrews]], the same wholesale cruelty [[persisted]]. Her general in his victory over the gentiles caused "all the host to fall upon the sword; there was not one left."[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Judges#Chapter_.4]

70:1.18 Very early in the [[history]] of the [[race]], [[poisoned]] weapons were used. All sorts of mutilations were [[practiced]]. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul Saul] did not hesitate to require [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=First_Book_of_Samuel#Chapter_18 one hundred Philistine foreskins] as the dowry [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David David] should pay for his daughter Michal.

70:1.18 Very early in the [[history]] of the [[race]], [[poisoned]] weapons were used. All sorts of mutilations were [[practiced]]. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul Saul] did not hesitate to require [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=First_Book_of_Samuel#Chapter_18 one hundred Philistine foreskins] as the dowry [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David David] should pay for his daughter Michal.

70:1.19 Early [[wars]] were fought between [[tribes]] as a whole, but in later times, when two [[individuals]] in [[different]] [[tribes]] had a dispute, instead of both [[tribes]] fighting, the two disputants engaged in a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duel duel]. It also became a [[custom]] for two armies to stake all on the outcome of a [[contest]] between a [[representative]] chosen from each side, as in the instance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David#David_and_Goliath David and Goliath].

70:1.19 Early [[wars]] were fought between [[tribes]] as a whole, but in later times, when two [[individuals]] in [[different]] [[tribes]] had a dispute, instead of both [[tribes]] fighting, the two disputants engaged in a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duel duel]. It also became a [[custom]] for two armies to stake all on the outcome of a [[contest]] between a [[representative]] chosen from each side, as in the instance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David#David_and_Goliath David and Goliath].

*5. Dissolved the [[illusion]] of [[primitive]] [[equality]] and selectively stratified [[society]].

*5. Dissolved the [[illusion]] of [[primitive]] [[equality]] and selectively stratified [[society]].

70:2.4 [[War]] has had a certain [[evolutionary]] and selective [[value]], but like [[slavery]], it must sometime be abandoned as [[civilization]] slowly advances. Olden wars promoted [[travel]] and [[cultural]] [[intercourse]]; these ends are now better served by [[modern]] [[methods]] of [[transport]] and [[communication]]. Olden wars strengthened [[nations]], but modern [[struggles]] disrupt civilized [[culture]]. Ancient warfare resulted in the decimation of inferior peoples; the net result of [[modern]] [[conflict]] is the selective destruction of the best human stocks. Early wars promoted [[organization]] and [[efficiency]], but these have now become the aims of [[modern]] [[industry]]. During past ages war was a social ferment which pushed [[civilization]] forward; this result is now better [[attained]] by [[ambition]] and [[invention]]. Ancient warfare [[supported]] the [[concept]] of a [[God]] of battles, but modern man has been told that [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=1st_Letter_of_John#1st_Letter_of_John.2C_IV God is love]. War has served many valuable [[purposes]] in the [[past]], it has been an indispensable [[scaffolding]] in the building of [[civilization]], but it is rapidly becoming culturally bankrupt—incapable of producing dividends of [[social]] gain in any way commensurate with the terrible losses attendant upon its invocation.

70:2.4 [[War]] has had a certain [[evolutionary]] and selective [[value]], but like [[slavery]], it must sometime be abandoned as [[civilization]] slowly advances. Olden wars promoted [[travel]] and [[cultural]] [[intercourse]]; these ends are now better served by [[modern]] [[methods]] of [[transport]] and [[communication]]. Olden wars strengthened [[nations]], but modern [[struggles]] disrupt civilized [[culture]]. Ancient warfare resulted in the decimation of inferior peoples; the net result of [[modern]] [[conflict]] is the selective destruction of the best human stocks. Early wars promoted [[organization]] and [[efficiency]], but these have now become the aims of [[modern]] [[industry]]. During past ages war was a social ferment which pushed [[civilization]] forward; this result is now better [[attained]] by [[ambition]] and [[invention]]. Ancient warfare [[supported]] the [[concept]] of a [[God]] of battles, but modern man has been told that [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=1st_Letter_of_John#1st_Letter_of_John.2C_IV God is love]. War has served many valuable [[purposes]] in the [[past]], it has been an indispensable [[scaffolding]] in the building of [[civilization]], but it is rapidly becoming culturally bankrupt—incapable of producing dividends of [[social]] gain in any way commensurate with the terrible losses attendant upon its invocation.

70:2.5 At one time physicians believed in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodletting bloodletting] as a [[cure]] for many [[diseases]], but they have since [[discovered]] better remedies for most of these disorders. And so must the international bloodletting of war certainly give place to the [[discovery]] of better [[methods]] for curing the ills of [[nations]].

70:2.5 At one time physicians believed in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodletting bloodletting] as a [[cure]] for many [[diseases]], but they have since [[discovered]] better remedies for most of these disorders. And so must the international bloodletting of war certainly give place to the [[discovery]] of better [[methods]] for curing the ills of [[nations]].

70:3.7 The [[ceremony]] of [[adoption]] consisted in drinking each other's [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood blood]. In some [[groups]] saliva was exchanged in the place of blood drinking, this being the ancient [[origin]] of the [[practice]] of [[social]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kissing kissing]. And all [[ceremonies]] of [[association]], whether [[marriage]] or [[adoption]], were always terminated by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feasts feasting].

70:3.7 The [[ceremony]] of [[adoption]] consisted in drinking each other's [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood blood]. In some [[groups]] saliva was exchanged in the place of blood drinking, this being the ancient [[origin]] of the [[practice]] of [[social]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kissing kissing]. And all [[ceremonies]] of [[association]], whether [[marriage]] or [[adoption]], were always terminated by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feasts feasting].

70:3.8 In later times, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood blood] diluted with red wine was used, and [[eventually]] wine alone was drunk to seal the [[adoption]] [[ceremony]], which was signified in the [[touching]] of the wine cups and consummated by the swallowing of the beverage. The [[Hebrews]] employed a [[modified]] form of this [[adoption]] [[ceremony]]. Their [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab Arab] [[ancestors]] made use of the [[oath]] taken while the hand of the [[candidate]] rested upon the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phallus generative organ] of the [[tribal]] [[native]]. The [[Hebrews]] treated adopted aliens kindly and fraternally. "The stranger that dwells with you shall be as one born among you, and you shall love him as yourself."[http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Leviticus#Chapter_.19]

70:3.8 In later times, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood blood] diluted with red wine was used, and [[eventually]] wine alone was drunk to seal the [[adoption]] [[ceremony]], which was signified in the [[touching]] of the wine cups and consummated by the swallowing of the beverage. The [[Hebrews]] employed a [[modified]] form of this [[adoption]] [[ceremony]]. Their [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab Arab] [[ancestors]] made use of the [[oath]] taken while the hand of the [[candidate]] rested upon the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phallus generative organ] of the [[tribal]] [[native]]. The [[Hebrews]] treated adopted aliens kindly and fraternally. "The stranger that dwells with you shall be as one born among you, and you shall love him as yourself."[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Leviticus#Chapter_.19]

70:3.9 " Guest [[friendship]] " was a [[relation]] of temporary [[hospitality]]. When visiting guests departed, a dish would be broken in half, one piece being given the departing [[friend]] so that it would serve as a suitable introduction for a third party who might arrive on a later visit. It was customary for guests to pay their way by telling [[Narrative|tales]] of their [[travels]] and [[adventures]]. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storytelling storytellers] of olden times became so popular that the [[mores]] eventually forbade their [[functioning]] during either the [[hunting]] or [[harvest]] [[seasons]].

70:3.9 " Guest [[friendship]] " was a [[relation]] of temporary [[hospitality]]. When visiting guests departed, a dish would be broken in half, one piece being given the departing [[friend]] so that it would serve as a suitable introduction for a third party who might arrive on a later visit. It was customary for guests to pay their way by telling [[Narrative|tales]] of their [[travels]] and [[adventures]]. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storytelling storytellers] of olden times became so popular that the [[mores]] eventually forbade their [[functioning]] during either the [[hunting]] or [[harvest]] [[seasons]].

70:6.3 Hereditary [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King kingship] avoided the [[anarchy]] which had previously wrought such havoc between the [[death]] of a king and the [[election]] of a successor. The [[family]] had a [[biologic]] head; the [[clan]], a selected [[natural]] [[leader]]; the [[tribe]] and later state had no [[natural]] [[leader]], and this was an additional [[reason]] for making the chief-[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King kings] [[hereditary]]. The idea of royal [[families]] and [[aristocracy]] was also based on the [[mores]] of "name ownership" in the [[clans]].

70:6.3 Hereditary [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King kingship] avoided the [[anarchy]] which had previously wrought such havoc between the [[death]] of a king and the [[election]] of a successor. The [[family]] had a [[biologic]] head; the [[clan]], a selected [[natural]] [[leader]]; the [[tribe]] and later state had no [[natural]] [[leader]], and this was an additional [[reason]] for making the chief-[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King kings] [[hereditary]]. The idea of royal [[families]] and [[aristocracy]] was also based on the [[mores]] of "name ownership" in the [[clans]].

70:6.4 The [[succession]] of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King kings] was [[eventually]] regarded as [[supernatural]], the royal blood being [[thought]] to extend back to the times of the [[materialized]] [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_66#66:2._THE_PRINCE.27S_STAFF staff of Prince Caligastia]. Thus [[kings]] became [[fetish]] personalities and were inordinately [[feared]], a special [[form]] of [[speech]] being adopted for [[court]] usage. Even in recent times it was believed that the [[touch]] of kings would [[cure]] [[disease]], and some [[Urantia]] peoples still regard their [[Leadership|rulers]] as having had a [[divine]] [[origin]].

70:6.4 The [[succession]] of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King kings] was [[eventually]] regarded as [[supernatural]], the royal blood being [[thought]] to extend back to the times of the [[materialized]] [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_66#66:2._THE_PRINCE.27S_STAFF staff of Prince Caligastia]. Thus [[kings]] became [[fetish]] personalities and were inordinately [[feared]], a special [[form]] of [[speech]] being adopted for [[court]] usage. Even in recent times it was believed that the [[touch]] of kings would [[cure]] [[disease]], and some [[Urantia]] peoples still regard their [[Leadership|rulers]] as having had a [[divine]] [[origin]].

70:6.5 The early [[fetish]] king was often kept in [[seclusion]]; he was regarded as too [[sacred]] to be viewed except on feast days and [[holy]] days. Ordinarily a [[representative]] was chosen to impersonate him, and this is the [[origin]] of [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Ministers prime ministers]. The first cabinet officer was a [[food]] [[administrator]]; others shortly followed. Rulers soon appointed [[representatives]] to be in charge of [[commerce]] and [[religion]]; and the [[development]] of a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_(government) cabinet] was a direct step toward depersonalization of [[executive]] [[authority]]. These assistants of the early [[kings]] became the accepted [[nobility]], and the king's [[wife]] [[gradually]] rose to the [[dignity]] of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen queen] as [[women]] came to be held in higher [[esteem]].

70:6.5 The early [[fetish]] king was often kept in [[seclusion]]; he was regarded as too [[sacred]] to be viewed except on feast days and [[holy]] days. Ordinarily a [[representative]] was chosen to impersonate him, and this is the [[origin]] of [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Ministers prime ministers]. The first cabinet officer was a [[food]] [[administrator]]; others shortly followed. Rulers soon appointed [[representatives]] to be in charge of [[commerce]] and [[religion]]; and the [[development]] of a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_(government) cabinet] was a direct step toward depersonalization of [[executive]] [[authority]]. These assistants of the early [[kings]] became the accepted [[nobility]], and the king's [[wife]] [[gradually]] rose to the [[dignity]] of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen queen] as [[women]] came to be held in higher [[esteem]].

70:10.5 It was very early believed that [[ghosts]] [[administered]] [[justice]] through the [[medicine men]] and [[priests]]; this [[constituted]] these [[orders]] the first [[crime]] detectors and officers of the [[law]]. Their early [[methods]] of detecting [[crime]] consisted in conducting ordeals of [[poison]], [[fire]], and [[pain]]. These savage [[ordeals]] were nothing more than crude [[techniques]] of [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/arbitration arbitration]; they did not [[necessarily]] settle a [[dispute]] justly. For example: When [[poison]] was administered, if the accused vomited, he was innocent.

70:10.5 It was very early believed that [[ghosts]] [[administered]] [[justice]] through the [[medicine men]] and [[priests]]; this [[constituted]] these [[orders]] the first [[crime]] detectors and officers of the [[law]]. Their early [[methods]] of detecting [[crime]] consisted in conducting ordeals of [[poison]], [[fire]], and [[pain]]. These savage [[ordeals]] were nothing more than crude [[techniques]] of [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/arbitration arbitration]; they did not [[necessarily]] settle a [[dispute]] justly. For example: When [[poison]] was administered, if the accused vomited, he was innocent.

70:10.6 The [[Old Testament]] [[records]] one of these ordeals, a [[marital]] [[guilt]] test: If a man suspected his [[wife]] of being untrue to him, he took her to the [[priest]] and stated his [[suspicions]], after which the [[priest]] would prepare a concoction consisting of [[holy]] [[water]] and sweepings from the [[temple]] floor. After due [[ceremony]], including threatening [[curses]], the accused [[wife]] was made to drink the nasty potion. If she was [[guilty]], "the [[water]] that causes the curse shall enter into her and become bitter, and her belly shall swell, and her thighs shall rot, and the woman shall be accursed among her people."[http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Numbers#Chapter_.5] If, by any [[chance]], any [[woman]] could quaff this filthy draught and not show [[symptoms]] of [[physical]] illness, she was acquitted of the charges made by her [[jealous]] [[husband]].

70:10.6 The [[Old Testament]] [[records]] one of these ordeals, a [[marital]] [[guilt]] test: If a man suspected his [[wife]] of being untrue to him, he took her to the [[priest]] and stated his [[suspicions]], after which the [[priest]] would prepare a concoction consisting of [[holy]] [[water]] and sweepings from the [[temple]] floor. After due [[ceremony]], including threatening [[curses]], the accused [[wife]] was made to drink the nasty potion. If she was [[guilty]], "the [[water]] that causes the curse shall enter into her and become bitter, and her belly shall swell, and her thighs shall rot, and the woman shall be accursed among her people."[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Numbers#Chapter_.5] If, by any [[chance]], any [[woman]] could quaff this filthy draught and not show [[symptoms]] of [[physical]] illness, she was acquitted of the charges made by her [[jealous]] [[husband]].

70:10.7 These atrocious [[methods]] of [[crime]] detection were [[practiced]] by almost all the evolving [[tribes]] at one time or another. [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dueling Dueling] is a [[modern]] [[survival]] of the [[trial]] by [[ordeal]].

70:10.7 These atrocious [[methods]] of [[crime]] detection were [[practiced]] by almost all the evolving [[tribes]] at one time or another. [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dueling Dueling] is a [[modern]] [[survival]] of the [[trial]] by [[ordeal]].

70:10.8 It is not to be [[wondered]] that the [[Hebrews]] and other semicivilized [[tribes]] [[practiced]] such [[primitive]] [[techniques]] of [[justice]] [[administration]] three thousand years ago, but it is most amazing that [[thinking]] men would subsequently retain such a [[relic]] of [[barbarism]] within the pages of a [[collection]] of [[sacred]] [[writings]]. [[Reflective]] [[thinking]] should make it clear that no [[divine]] [[being]] ever gave [[mortal]] man such unfair instructions regarding the detection and [[adjudication]] of suspected marital unfaithfulness.

70:10.8 It is not to be [[wondered]] that the [[Hebrews]] and other semicivilized [[tribes]] [[practiced]] such [[primitive]] [[techniques]] of [[justice]] [[administration]] three thousand years ago, but it is most amazing that [[thinking]] men would subsequently retain such a [[relic]] of [[barbarism]] within the pages of a [[collection]] of [[sacred]] [[writings]]. [[Reflective]] [[thinking]] should make it clear that no [[divine]] [[being]] ever gave [[mortal]] man such unfair instructions regarding the detection and [[adjudication]] of suspected marital unfaithfulness.

70:10.9 [[Society]] early [[adopted]] the paying-back [[attitude]] of [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ retaliation]: an [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Exodus#Chapter_.21 eye for an eye, a life for a life]. The evolving [[tribes]] all recognized this right of [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Deutoronomy#Chapter_.19 blood vengeance]. [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Vengeance Vengeance] became the aim of [[primitive]] life, but [[religion]] has since greatly [[modified]] these early [[tribal]] [[practices]]. The [[teachers]] of [[revealed]] [[religion]] have always proclaimed, " 'Vengeance is mine,' says the Lord. "[http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Deutoronomy#Chapter_.32] [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Vengeance Vengeance] killing in early times was not altogether unlike present-day murders under the pretense of the unwritten [[law]].

70:10.9 [[Society]] early [[adopted]] the paying-back [[attitude]] of [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ retaliation]: an [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Exodus#Chapter_.21 eye for an eye, a life for a life]. The evolving [[tribes]] all recognized this right of [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Deutoronomy#Chapter_.19 blood vengeance]. [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Vengeance Vengeance] became the aim of [[primitive]] life, but [[religion]] has since greatly [[modified]] these early [[tribal]] [[practices]]. The [[teachers]] of [[revealed]] [[religion]] have always proclaimed, " 'Vengeance is mine,' says the Lord. "[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Deutoronomy#Chapter_.32] [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Vengeance Vengeance] killing in early times was not altogether unlike present-day murders under the pretense of the unwritten [[law]].

70:10.10 [[Suicide]] was a common mode of [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Retaliation retaliation]. If one were unable to avenge himself in life, he died entertaining the [[belief]] that, as a [[ghost]], he could return and visit [[wrath]] upon his enemy. And since this [[belief]] was very general, the threat of [[suicide]] on an enemy's doorstep was usually sufficient to bring him to terms. [[Primitive]] man did not hold life very dear; [[suicide]] over trifles was common, but the [[teachings]] of the [[Dalamatians]] greatly lessened this [[custom]], while in more recent times [[leisure]], comforts, [[religion]], and [[philosophy]] have united to make life sweeter and more [[desirable]]. [[Hunger]] strikes are, however, a [[modern]] analogue of this old-time [[method]] of [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Retaliation retaliation].

70:10.10 [[Suicide]] was a common mode of [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Retaliation retaliation]. If one were unable to avenge himself in life, he died entertaining the [[belief]] that, as a [[ghost]], he could return and visit [[wrath]] upon his enemy. And since this [[belief]] was very general, the threat of [[suicide]] on an enemy's doorstep was usually sufficient to bring him to terms. [[Primitive]] man did not hold life very dear; [[suicide]] over trifles was common, but the [[teachings]] of the [[Dalamatians]] greatly lessened this [[custom]], while in more recent times [[leisure]], comforts, [[religion]], and [[philosophy]] have united to make life sweeter and more [[desirable]]. [[Hunger]] strikes are, however, a [[modern]] analogue of this old-time [[method]] of [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Retaliation retaliation].

70:10.11 One of the earliest [[formulations]] of advanced [[tribal]] [[law]] had to do with the taking over of the blood [[feud]] as a [[tribal]] affair. But strange to relate, even then a man could kill his [[wife]] without [[punishment]] provided he had fully paid for her. The [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimos Eskimos] of today, however, still leave the penalty for a [[crime]], even for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder murder], to be [[decreed]] and [[administered]] by the [[family]] wronged.

70:10.11 One of the earliest [[formulations]] of advanced [[tribal]] [[law]] had to do with the taking over of the blood [[feud]] as a [[tribal]] affair. But strange to relate, even then a man could kill his [[wife]] without [[punishment]] provided he had fully paid for her. The [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimos Eskimos] of today, however, still leave the penalty for a [[crime]], even for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder murder], to be [[decreed]] and [[administered]] by the [[family]] wronged.

70:10.12 Another advance was the imposition of fines for [[taboo]] violations, the provision of penalties. These fines [[constituted]] the first [[public]] [[revenue]]. The [[practice]] of paying "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_money_%28term%29 blood money]" also came into [[vogue]] as a substitute for blood [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Vengeance vengeance]. Such damages were usually paid in [[women]] or cattle; it was a long time before [[actual]] fines, [[monetary]] [[compensation]], were assessed as [[punishment]] for [[crime]]. And since the [[idea]] of [[punishment]] was essentially [[compensation]], everything, including [[human]] life, eventually came to have a price which could be paid as damages. The [[Hebrews]] were the first to abolish the [[practice]] of paying [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_money_%28term%29 blood money].[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses Moses] taught that they should "take no [[satisfaction]] for the life of a murderer, who is [[guilty]] of [[death]]; he shall surely be put to death."[http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Numbers#Chapter_.35]

70:10.12 Another advance was the imposition of fines for [[taboo]] violations, the provision of penalties. These fines [[constituted]] the first [[public]] [[revenue]]. The [[practice]] of paying "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_money_%28term%29 blood money]" also came into [[vogue]] as a substitute for blood [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Vengeance vengeance]. Such damages were usually paid in [[women]] or cattle; it was a long time before [[actual]] fines, [[monetary]] [[compensation]], were assessed as [[punishment]] for [[crime]]. And since the [[idea]] of [[punishment]] was essentially [[compensation]], everything, including [[human]] life, eventually came to have a price which could be paid as damages. The [[Hebrews]] were the first to abolish the [[practice]] of paying [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_money_%28term%29 blood money].[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses Moses] taught that they should "take no [[satisfaction]] for the life of a murderer, who is [[guilty]] of [[death]]; he shall surely be put to death."[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Numbers#Chapter_.35]

70:10.13 [[Justice]] was thus first meted out by the [[family]], then by the [[clan]], and later on by the [[tribe]]. The [[administration]] of true [[justice]] dates from the taking of [[revenge]] from [[private]] and [[kin]] [[groups]] and lodging it in the hands of the [[social]] [[group]], the [[state]].

70:10.13 [[Justice]] was thus first meted out by the [[family]], then by the [[clan]], and later on by the [[tribe]]. The [[administration]] of true [[justice]] dates from the taking of [[revenge]] from [[private]] and [[kin]] [[groups]] and lodging it in the hands of the [[social]] [[group]], the [[state]].

70:10.14 [[Punishment]] by burning alive was once a common [[practice]]. It was [[recognized]] by many [[ancient]] rulers, including [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammurabi Hammurabi] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses Moses], the latter directing that many [[crimes]], particularly those of a grave [[sex]] [[nature]], should be [[punished]] by burning at the stake. If "the daughter of a priest" or other leading [[citizen]] turned to public [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution prostitution], it was the [[Hebrew]] [[custom]] to "burn her with fire."[http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Leviticus#Chapter_.21]

70:10.14 [[Punishment]] by burning alive was once a common [[practice]]. It was [[recognized]] by many [[ancient]] rulers, including [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammurabi Hammurabi] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses Moses], the latter directing that many [[crimes]], particularly those of a grave [[sex]] [[nature]], should be [[punished]] by burning at the stake. If "the daughter of a priest" or other leading [[citizen]] turned to public [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution prostitution], it was the [[Hebrew]] [[custom]] to "burn her with fire."[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Leviticus#Chapter_.21]

70:10.15 [[Treason]]—the "selling out" or [[betrayal]] of one's [[tribal]] [[associates]]—was the first [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_crime capital crime]. Cattle stealing was [[universally]] punished by summary [[death]], and even recently horse stealing has been similarly punished. But as [[time]] passed, it was [[learned]] that the severity of the [[punishment]] was not so valuable a deterrent to [[crime]] as was its [[certainty]] and [[Speed|swiftness]].

70:10.15 [[Treason]]—the "selling out" or [[betrayal]] of one's [[tribal]] [[associates]]—was the first [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_crime capital crime]. Cattle stealing was [[universally]] punished by summary [[death]], and even recently horse stealing has been similarly punished. But as [[time]] passed, it was [[learned]] that the severity of the [[punishment]] was not so valuable a deterrent to [[crime]] as was its [[certainty]] and [[Speed|swiftness]].

70:11.1 It is just as [[difficult]] to draw sharp distinctions between [[mores]] and [[laws]] as to indicate exactly when, at the [[dawning]], [[Darkness|night]] is [[succeeded]] by [[Light|day]]. [[Mores]] are [[laws]] and police regulations in the making. When long [[established]], the undefined [[mores]] tend to [[crystallize]] into precise [[laws]], concrete regulations, and well-defined [[social]] [[conventions]].

70:11.1 It is just as [[difficult]] to draw sharp distinctions between [[mores]] and [[laws]] as to indicate exactly when, at the [[dawning]], [[Darkness|night]] is [[succeeded]] by [[Light|day]]. [[Mores]] are [[laws]] and police regulations in the making. When long [[established]], the undefined [[mores]] tend to [[crystallize]] into precise [[laws]], concrete regulations, and well-defined [[social]] [[conventions]].

70:11.2 [[Law]] is always at first [[negative]] and prohibitive; in advancing [[civilizations]] it becomes increasingly positive and directive. Early [[society]] operated [[negatively]], granting the [[individual]] the [[right]] to live by imposing upon all others the command, "you shall not kill."[http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Deutoronomy#Chapter_.5] Every grant of [[rights]] or [[liberty]] to the [[individual]] involves curtailment of the liberties of all others, and this is [[effected]] by the [[taboo]], [[primitive]] [[law]]. The whole [[idea]] of the [[taboo]] is [[inherently]] [[negative]], for [[primitive]] [[society]] was wholly [[negative]] in its [[organization]], and the early [[administration]] of [[justice]] consisted in the enforcement of the [[taboos]]. But [[originally]] these [[laws]] applied only to fellow [[tribesmen]], as is [[illustrated]] by the later-day [[Hebrews]], who had a [[different]] code of [[ethics]] for dealing with the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentiles gentiles].

70:11.2 [[Law]] is always at first [[negative]] and prohibitive; in advancing [[civilizations]] it becomes increasingly positive and directive. Early [[society]] operated [[negatively]], granting the [[individual]] the [[right]] to live by imposing upon all others the command, "you shall not kill."[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Deutoronomy#Chapter_.5] Every grant of [[rights]] or [[liberty]] to the [[individual]] involves curtailment of the liberties of all others, and this is [[effected]] by the [[taboo]], [[primitive]] [[law]]. The whole [[idea]] of the [[taboo]] is [[inherently]] [[negative]], for [[primitive]] [[society]] was wholly [[negative]] in its [[organization]], and the early [[administration]] of [[justice]] consisted in the enforcement of the [[taboos]]. But [[originally]] these [[laws]] applied only to fellow [[tribesmen]], as is [[illustrated]] by the later-day [[Hebrews]], who had a [[different]] code of [[ethics]] for dealing with the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentiles gentiles].

70:11.3 The [[oath]] [[originated]] in the days of [[Dalamatia]] in an [[effort]] to render [[testimony]] more [[truthful]]. Such oaths consisted in pronouncing a [[curse]] upon oneself. Formerly no [[individual]] would [[testify]] against his [[native]] [[group]].

70:11.3 The [[oath]] [[originated]] in the days of [[Dalamatia]] in an [[effort]] to render [[testimony]] more [[truthful]]. Such oaths consisted in pronouncing a [[curse]] upon oneself. Formerly no [[individual]] would [[testify]] against his [[native]] [[group]].

70:11.5 [[Self]]-interest [[established]] the [[taboo]] on killing, [[society]] [[sanctified]] it as [[traditional]] [[mores]], while [[religion]] [[consecrated]] the [[custom]] as [[moral]] [[law]], and thus did all three [[conspire]] in rendering [[human]] life more safe and [[sacred]]. [[Society]] could not have held [[together]] during early times had not [[rights]] had the [[sanction]] of [[religion]]; [[superstition]] was the [[moral]] and [[social]] [[police]] force of the long [[evolutionary]] ages. The ancients all claimed that their olden [[laws]], the [[taboos]], had been given to their [[ancestors]] by the [[gods]].

70:11.5 [[Self]]-interest [[established]] the [[taboo]] on killing, [[society]] [[sanctified]] it as [[traditional]] [[mores]], while [[religion]] [[consecrated]] the [[custom]] as [[moral]] [[law]], and thus did all three [[conspire]] in rendering [[human]] life more safe and [[sacred]]. [[Society]] could not have held [[together]] during early times had not [[rights]] had the [[sanction]] of [[religion]]; [[superstition]] was the [[moral]] and [[social]] [[police]] force of the long [[evolutionary]] ages. The ancients all claimed that their olden [[laws]], the [[taboos]], had been given to their [[ancestors]] by the [[gods]].

70:11.6 [[Law]] is a codified [[record]] of long [[human]] [[experience]], [[public]] [[opinion]] crystallized and legalized. The [[mores]] were the raw [[material]] of accumulated [[experience]] out of which later ruling [[minds]] [[formulated]] the [[written]] [[laws]]. The [[ancient]] [[judge]] had no [[laws]]. When he handed down a [[decision]], he simply said, "It is the custom."[http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Judges#Chapter_11]

70:11.6 [[Law]] is a codified [[record]] of long [[human]] [[experience]], [[public]] [[opinion]] crystallized and legalized. The [[mores]] were the raw [[material]] of accumulated [[experience]] out of which later ruling [[minds]] [[formulated]] the [[written]] [[laws]]. The [[ancient]] [[judge]] had no [[laws]]. When he handed down a [[decision]], he simply said, "It is the custom."[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Judges#Chapter_11]

70:11.7 [[Reference]] to precedent in [[court]] [[decisions]] [[represents]] the [[effort]] of [[judges]] to adapt [[written]] [[laws]] to the changing conditions of [[society]]. This provides for [[progressive]] [[adaptation]] to altering [[social]] conditions combined with the impressiveness of [[traditional]] [[continuity]].

70:11.7 [[Reference]] to precedent in [[court]] [[decisions]] [[represents]] the [[effort]] of [[judges]] to adapt [[written]] [[laws]] to the changing conditions of [[society]]. This provides for [[progressive]] [[adaptation]] to altering [[social]] conditions combined with the impressiveness of [[traditional]] [[continuity]].

70:12.9 Presented by a [[Melchizedek]] of [[Nebadon]].

70:12.9 Presented by a [[Melchizedek]] of [[Nebadon]].

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[[Category: PART III: The History of Urantia]]

[[Category: PART III: The History of Urantia]]