Changes

==88:1. BELIEF IN FETISHES==

==88:1. BELIEF IN FETISHES==

88:1.1 [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_52#52:1._PRIMITIVE_MAN Primitive man] always wanted to make anything extraordinary into a [[fetish]]; [[chance]] therefore gave [[origin]] to many. A man is sick, something happens, and he gets well. The same thing is true of the [[reputation]] of many [[medicines]] and the [[chance]] [[methods]] of treating [[disease]]. Objects [[connected]] with [[dreams]] were likely to be converted into [[fetishes]]. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanoes Volcanoes], but not [[mountains]], became fetishes; [[comets]], but not [[stars]]. Early man regarded shooting stars and [[meteors]] as indicating the arrival on [[earth]] of special [[visiting]] spirits.

88:1.1 [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_52#52:1._PRIMITIVE_MAN Primitive man] always wanted to make anything extraordinary into a [[fetish]]; [[chance]] therefore gave [[origin]] to many. A man is sick, something happens, and he gets well. The same thing is true of the [[reputation]] of many [[medicines]] and the [[chance]] [[methods]] of treating [[disease]]. Objects [[connected]] with [[dreams]] were likely to be converted into [[fetishes]]. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanoes Volcanoes], but not [[mountains]], became fetishes; [[comets]], but not [[stars]]. Early man regarded shooting stars and [[meteors]] as indicating the arrival on [[earth]] of special [[visiting]] spirits.

88:1.2 The first [[fetishes]] were peculiarly marked pebbles, and "[http://witcombe.sbc.edu/sacredplaces/stones.html sacred stones]" have ever since been sought by man; a string of beads was once a [[collection]] of sacred stones, a battery of [[charms]]. Many [[tribes]] had [[fetish]] stones, but few have [[survived]] as have the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba Kaaba] and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_of_scone Stone of Scone]. [[Fire]] and [[water]] were also among the early [[fetishes]], and [[fire]] [[worship]], together with [[belief]] in holy water, still survives.

88:1.2 The first [[fetishes]] were peculiarly marked pebbles, and "[http://witcombe.sbc.edu/sacredplaces/stones.html sacred stones]" have ever since been sought by man; a string of beads was once a [[collection]] of sacred stones, a battery of [[charms]]. Many [[tribes]] had [[fetish]] stones, but few have [[survived]] as have the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba Kaaba] and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_of_scone Stone of Scone]. [[Fire]] and [[water]] were also among the early [[fetishes]], and [[fire]] [[worship]], together with [[belief]] in holy water, still survives.

88:1.5 When [[animals]] became [[fetishes]], there ensued the [[taboos]] on eating the [[flesh]] of the fetish animal. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apes Apes] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkeys monkeys], because of resemblance to [[man]], early became [[fetish]] animals; later, snakes, birds, and swine were also similarly regarded. At one time the cow was a fetish, the milk being [[taboo]] while the excreta were highly esteemed. The serpent was revered in [[Palestine]], especially by the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia Phoenicians], who, along with the [[Jews]], considered it to be the mouthpiece of [[evil]] [[spirits]]. Even many [[moderns]] believe in the [[charm]] [[powers]] of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptiles reptiles]. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia Arabia] on through [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India India] to the [http://www.brownielocks.com/snakedance.html snake dance] of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_Moki Moqui tribe] of red men the serpent has been [[revered]].

88:1.5 When [[animals]] became [[fetishes]], there ensued the [[taboos]] on eating the [[flesh]] of the fetish animal. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apes Apes] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkeys monkeys], because of resemblance to [[man]], early became [[fetish]] animals; later, snakes, birds, and swine were also similarly regarded. At one time the cow was a fetish, the milk being [[taboo]] while the excreta were highly esteemed. The serpent was revered in [[Palestine]], especially by the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia Phoenicians], who, along with the [[Jews]], considered it to be the mouthpiece of [[evil]] [[spirits]]. Even many [[moderns]] believe in the [[charm]] [[powers]] of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptiles reptiles]. From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia Arabia] on through [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India India] to the [http://www.brownielocks.com/snakedance.html snake dance] of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_Moki Moqui tribe] of red men the serpent has been [[revered]].

88:1.6 Certain days of the week were [[fetishes]]. For ages [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday Friday] has been regarded as an unlucky day and the number [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen thirteen] as an [[evil]] numeral. The lucky numbers [[three]] and [[seven]] came from later revelations; four was the lucky number of [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_52#52:1._PRIMITIVE_MAN primitive man] and was derived from the early recognition of the four points of the [[compass]]. It was held unlucky to count cattle or other [[possessions]]; the [[ancients]] always opposed the taking of a [[census]], "numbering the people."[http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Second_Book_of_Samuel#Chapter_.24]

88:1.6 Certain days of the week were [[fetishes]]. For ages [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday Friday] has been regarded as an unlucky day and the number [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen thirteen] as an [[evil]] numeral. The lucky numbers [[three]] and [[seven]] came from later revelations; four was the lucky number of [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_52#52:1._PRIMITIVE_MAN primitive man] and was derived from the early recognition of the four points of the [[compass]]. It was held unlucky to count cattle or other [[possessions]]; the [[ancients]] always opposed the taking of a [[census]], "numbering the people."[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Second_Book_of_Samuel#Chapter_.24]

88:1.7 [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_52#52:1._PRIMITIVE_MAN Primitive man] did not make an undue [[fetish]] out of [[sex]]; the [[reproductive]] [[function]] received only a limited amount of [[attention]]. The savage was [[natural]] minded, not obscene or prurient.

88:1.7 [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_52#52:1._PRIMITIVE_MAN Primitive man] did not make an undue [[fetish]] out of [[sex]]; the [[reproductive]] [[function]] received only a limited amount of [[attention]]. The savage was [[natural]] minded, not obscene or prurient.

88:1.8 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saliva Saliva] was a potent [[fetish]]; devils could be driven out by spitting on a [[person]]. For an elder or superior to spit on one was the highest compliment. Parts of the [[human]] [[body]] were looked upon as [[potential]] [[fetishes]], particularly the hair and nails. The long-growing fingernails of the chiefs were highly prized, and the trimmings thereof were a powerful fetish. [[Belief]] in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skull skull] fetishes accounts for much of later-day [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_hunting head-hunting]. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilical_cord umbilical cord] was a highly prized fetish; even today it is so regarded in Africa. [[Mankind]]'s first toy was a preserved umbilical cord. Set with pearls, as was often done, it was man's first [http://www.theumbilicalcord.com/en/tienda/online/classic necklace].

88:1.8 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saliva Saliva] was a potent [[fetish]]; devils could be driven out by spitting on a [[person]]. For an elder or superior to spit on one was the highest compliment. Parts of the [[human]] [[body]] were looked upon as [[potential]] [[fetishes]], particularly the hair and nails. The long-growing fingernails of the chiefs were highly prized, and the trimmings thereof were a powerful fetish. [[Belief]] in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skull skull] fetishes accounts for much of later-day [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_hunting head-hunting]. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilical_cord umbilical cord] was a highly prized fetish; even today it is so regarded in Africa. [[Mankind]]'s first toy was a preserved umbilical cord. Set with pearls, as was often done, it was man's first [http://www.theumbilicalcord.com/en/tienda/online/classic necklace].

88:1.9 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunchback_of_notre_dame Hunchbacked] and crippled children were regarded as [[fetishes]]; [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/lunacy lunatics] were believed to be moon-struck. [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_52#52:1._PRIMITIVE_MAN Primitive man] could not distinguish between [[genius]] and insanity; idiots were either beaten to [[death]] or [[revered]] as [[fetish]] [[personalities]]. Hysteria increasingly confirmed the popular [[belief]] in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft witchcraft]; epileptics often were [[priests]] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_man medicine men]. Drunkenness was looked upon as a form of [[spirit]] [[possession]]; when a savage went on a spree, he put a leaf in his hair for the [[purpose]] of disavowing [[responsibility]] for his [[acts]]. [[Poisons]] and [[intoxicants]] became [[fetishes]]; they were deemed to be [[possessed]].

88:1.9 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunchback_of_notre_dame Hunchbacked] and crippled children were regarded as [[fetishes]]; [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/lunacy lunatics] were believed to be moon-struck. [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_52#52:1._PRIMITIVE_MAN Primitive man] could not distinguish between [[genius]] and insanity; idiots were either beaten to [[death]] or [[revered]] as [[fetish]] [[personalities]]. Hysteria increasingly confirmed the popular [[belief]] in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft witchcraft]; epileptics often were [[priests]] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_man medicine men]. Drunkenness was looked upon as a form of [[spirit]] [[possession]]; when a savage went on a spree, he put a leaf in his hair for the [[purpose]] of disavowing [[responsibility]] for his [[acts]]. [[Poisons]] and [[intoxicants]] became [[fetishes]]; they were deemed to be [[possessed]].

88:1.10 Many people looked upon [[geniuses]] as fetish [[personalities]] [[possessed]] by a [[wise]] spirit. And these talented [[humans]] soon learned to resort to fraud and trickery for the advancement of their [[selfish interests]]. A fetish man was thought to be more than human; he was [[divine]], even [[infallible]]. Thus did chiefs, [[kings]], [[priests]], [[prophets]], and church rulers [[eventually]] wield great power and exercise unbounded [[authority]].

88:1.10 Many people looked upon [[geniuses]] as fetish [[personalities]] [[possessed]] by a [[wise]] spirit. And these talented [[humans]] soon learned to resort to fraud and trickery for the advancement of their [[selfish interests]]. A fetish man was thought to be more than human; he was [[divine]], even [[infallible]]. Thus did chiefs, [[kings]], [[priests]], [[prophets]], and church rulers [[eventually]] wield great power and exercise unbounded [[authority]].

88:2.2 [[Belief]] in [[relics]] is an outgrowth of the [[ancient]] [[fetish]] [[cult]]. The relics of [[modern]] [[religions]] [[represent]] an attempt to [[rationalize]] the fetish of the savage and thus elevate it to a place of [[dignity]] and respectability in the [[modern]] religious [[systems]]. It is heathenish to believe in [[fetishes]] and [[magic]] but supposedly all right to accept [[relics]] and [[miracles]].

88:2.2 [[Belief]] in [[relics]] is an outgrowth of the [[ancient]] [[fetish]] [[cult]]. The relics of [[modern]] [[religions]] [[represent]] an attempt to [[rationalize]] the fetish of the savage and thus elevate it to a place of [[dignity]] and respectability in the [[modern]] religious [[systems]]. It is heathenish to believe in [[fetishes]] and [[magic]] but supposedly all right to accept [[relics]] and [[miracles]].

88:2.3 The [[hearth]]—fireplace—became more or less of a [[fetish]], a [[sacred]] spot. The [[shrines]] and [[temples]] were at first fetish places because the dead were buried there. The fetish [[hut]] of the [[Hebrews]] was elevated by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses Moses] to that place where it harbored a superfetish, the then existent [[concept]] of the [[law]] of [[God]]. But the Israelites never gave up the peculiar Canaanite [[belief]] in the stone [[altar]]: "And this stone which I have set up as a pillar shall be God's house."[http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Genesis#Chapter_.28] They truly believed that the [[spirit]] of their [[God]] dwelt in such stone [[altars]], which were in reality [[fetishes]].

88:2.3 The [[hearth]]—fireplace—became more or less of a [[fetish]], a [[sacred]] spot. The [[shrines]] and [[temples]] were at first fetish places because the dead were buried there. The fetish [[hut]] of the [[Hebrews]] was elevated by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses Moses] to that place where it harbored a superfetish, the then existent [[concept]] of the [[law]] of [[God]]. But the Israelites never gave up the peculiar Canaanite [[belief]] in the stone [[altar]]: "And this stone which I have set up as a pillar shall be God's house."[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Genesis#Chapter_.28] They truly believed that the [[spirit]] of their [[God]] dwelt in such stone [[altars]], which were in reality [[fetishes]].

88:2.4 The earliest images were made to preserve the [[appearance]] and [[memory]] of the illustrious dead; they were really [[monuments]]. [[Idols]] were a refinement of [[fetishism]]. The [[primitives]] believed that a [[ceremony]] of [[consecration]] caused the spirit to enter the image; likewise, when certain objects were [[blessed]], they became [[charms]].

88:2.4 The earliest images were made to preserve the [[appearance]] and [[memory]] of the illustrious dead; they were really [[monuments]]. [[Idols]] were a refinement of [[fetishism]]. The [[primitives]] believed that a [[ceremony]] of [[consecration]] caused the spirit to enter the image; likewise, when certain objects were [[blessed]], they became [[charms]].

88:2.5 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses Moses], in the addition of the second commandment to the [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_66#66:7._LIFE_IN_DALAMATIA ancient Dalamatian moral code], made an [[effort]] to control fetish [[worship]] among the [[Hebrews]]. He carefully directed that they should make no sort of image that might become consecrated as a [[fetish]]. He made it plain, "You shall not make a graven image or any likeness of anything that is in heaven above, or on the earth beneath, or in the waters of the earth."[http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Exodus#Chapter_.20] While this commandment did much to retard [[art]] among the Jews, it did lessen [[fetish]] [[worship]]. But [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses Moses] was too [[wise]] to attempt suddenly to displace the olden fetishes, and he therefore consented to the putting of certain [[relics]] alongside the [[law]] in the combined [[war]] [[altar]] and religious shrine which was [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark_of_the_covenant the ark].

88:2.5 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses Moses], in the addition of the second commandment to the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_66#66:7._LIFE_IN_DALAMATIA ancient Dalamatian moral code], made an [[effort]] to control fetish [[worship]] among the [[Hebrews]]. He carefully directed that they should make no sort of image that might become consecrated as a [[fetish]]. He made it plain, "You shall not make a graven image or any likeness of anything that is in heaven above, or on the earth beneath, or in the waters of the earth."[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Exodus#Chapter_.20] While this commandment did much to retard [[art]] among the Jews, it did lessen [[fetish]] [[worship]]. But [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses Moses] was too [[wise]] to attempt suddenly to displace the olden fetishes, and he therefore consented to the putting of certain [[relics]] alongside the [[law]] in the combined [[war]] [[altar]] and religious shrine which was [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark_of_the_covenant the ark].

88:2.6 [[Words]] [[eventually]] became [[fetishes]], more especially those which were regarded as [[God]]'s words; in this way the [[sacred]] [[books]] of many [[religions]] have become [[fetishistic]] prisons incarcerating the [[spiritual]] [[imagination]] of man. Moses' very [[effort]] against fetishes became a supreme [[fetish]]; his commandment was later used to stultify [[art]] and to retard the enjoyment and [[adoration]] of the [[beautiful]].

88:2.6 [[Words]] [[eventually]] became [[fetishes]], more especially those which were regarded as [[God]]'s words; in this way the [[sacred]] [[books]] of many [[religions]] have become [[fetishistic]] prisons incarcerating the [[spiritual]] [[imagination]] of man. Moses' very [[effort]] against fetishes became a supreme [[fetish]]; his commandment was later used to stultify [[art]] and to retard the enjoyment and [[adoration]] of the [[beautiful]].

*2. Favorably to [[influence]] [[environment]].

*2. Favorably to [[influence]] [[environment]].

88:4.3 The objects of [[science]] are identical with those of [[magic]]. [[Mankind]] is [[progressing]] from [[magic]] to [[science]], not by [[meditation]] and [[reason]], but rather through long [[experience]], [[gradually]] and [[painfully]]. Man is gradually backing into the [[truth]], beginning in [[error]], progressing in [[error]], and finally attaining the [[threshold]] of [[truth]]. Only with the arrival of the [[scientific method]] has he faced forward. But [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_52#52:1._PRIMITIVE_MAN primitive man] had to [[experiment]] or [[perish]].

88:4.3 The objects of [[science]] are identical with those of [[magic]]. [[Mankind]] is [[progressing]] from [[magic]] to [[science]], not by [[meditation]] and [[reason]], but rather through long [[experience]], [[gradually]] and [[painfully]]. Man is gradually backing into the [[truth]], beginning in [[error]], progressing in [[error]], and finally attaining the [[threshold]] of [[truth]]. Only with the arrival of the [[scientific method]] has he faced forward. But [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_52#52:1._PRIMITIVE_MAN primitive man] had to [[experiment]] or [[perish]].

88:4.4 The [[fascination]] of early [[superstition]] was the [[mother]] of the later [[scientific]] [[curiosity]]. There was [[progressive]] [[dynamic]] [[emotion]]—[[fear]] plus [[curiosity]]—in these primitive [[superstitions]]; there was progressive driving [[power]] in the olden [[magic]]. These superstitions [[represented]] the [[emergence]] of the human [[desire]] to know and to [[control]] [[planetary]] [[environment]].

88:4.4 The [[fascination]] of early [[superstition]] was the [[mother]] of the later [[scientific]] [[curiosity]]. There was [[progressive]] [[dynamic]] [[emotion]]—[[fear]] plus [[curiosity]]—in these primitive [[superstitions]]; there was progressive driving [[power]] in the olden [[magic]]. These superstitions [[represented]] the [[emergence]] of the human [[desire]] to know and to [[control]] [[planetary]] [[environment]].

88:4.5 [[Magic]] gained such a strong hold upon the [[savage]] because he could not grasp the [[concept]] of [[natural]] [[death]]. The later [[idea]] of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_sin original sin] helped much to weaken the grip of [[magic]] on the [[race]] in that it accounted for [[natural]] [[death]]. It was at one time not at all uncommon for ten [[innocent]] persons to be put to [[death]] because of supposed [[responsibility]] for one natural death. This is one [[reason]] why [[ancient]] peoples did not increase faster, and it is still true of some African [[tribes]]. The accused [[individual]] usually [[confessed]] [[guilt]], even when facing death.

88:4.5 [[Magic]] gained such a strong hold upon the [[savage]] because he could not grasp the [[concept]] of [[natural]] [[death]]. The later [[idea]] of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_sin original sin] helped much to weaken the grip of [[magic]] on the [[race]] in that it accounted for [[natural]] [[death]]. It was at one time not at all uncommon for ten [[innocent]] persons to be put to [[death]] because of supposed [[responsibility]] for one natural death. This is one [[reason]] why [[ancient]] peoples did not increase faster, and it is still true of some African [[tribes]]. The accused [[individual]] usually [[confessed]] [[guilt]], even when facing death.

88:4.6 [[Magic]] is natural to a [[savage]]. He believes that an enemy can actually be killed by practicing [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorcery sorcery] on his shingled hair or fingernail trimmings. The fatality of snake bites was [[attributed]] to the [[magic]] of the sorcerer. The [[difficulty]] in combating [[magic]] arises from the [[fact]] that [[fear]] can kill. [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_52#52:1._PRIMITIVE_MAN Primitive peoples] so feared [[magic]] that it did actually kill, and such results were sufficient to substantiate this erroneous [[belief]]. In case of failure there was always some plausible [[explanation]]; the [[cure]] for [[defective]] magic was more [[magic]].

88:4.6 [[Magic]] is natural to a [[savage]]. He believes that an enemy can actually be killed by practicing [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorcery sorcery] on his shingled hair or fingernail trimmings. The fatality of snake bites was [[attributed]] to the [[magic]] of the sorcerer. The [[difficulty]] in combating [[magic]] arises from the [[fact]] that [[fear]] can kill. [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_52#52:1._PRIMITIVE_MAN Primitive peoples] so feared [[magic]] that it did actually kill, and such results were sufficient to substantiate this erroneous [[belief]]. In case of failure there was always some plausible [[explanation]]; the [[cure]] for [[defective]] magic was more [[magic]].

==88:5. MAGICAL CHARMS==

==88:5. MAGICAL CHARMS==

88:5.4 The milk of a black cow was highly magical; so also were [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_cats black cats]. The staff or wand was magical, along with drums, bells, and knots. All [[ancient]] objects were magical [[charms]]. The [[practices]] of a new or higher [[civilization]] were looked upon with disfavor because of their supposedly [[evil]] magical [[nature]]. [[Writing]], [[printing]], and pictures were long so regarded.

88:5.4 The milk of a black cow was highly magical; so also were [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_cats black cats]. The staff or wand was magical, along with drums, bells, and knots. All [[ancient]] objects were magical [[charms]]. The [[practices]] of a new or higher [[civilization]] were looked upon with disfavor because of their supposedly [[evil]] magical [[nature]]. [[Writing]], [[printing]], and pictures were long so regarded.

88:5.5 [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_52#52:1._PRIMITIVE_MAN Primitive man] believed that [[names]] must be treated with [[respect]], especially names of the [[gods]]. The [[name]] was regarded as an [[entity]], an [[influence]] distinct from the [[physical]] [[personality]]; it was esteemed equally with the [[soul]] and the [[shadow]]. [[Names]] were pawned for loans; a man could not use his name until it had been redeemed by payment of the loan. Nowadays one signs his name to a note. An [[individual]]'s name soon became important in [[magic]]. The savage had two names; the important one was regarded as too [[sacred]] to use on ordinary occasions, hence the second or everyday name—a nickname. He never told his real name to strangers. Any [[experience]] of an unusual nature caused him to [[change]] his name; sometimes it was in an [[effort]] to cure [[disease]] or to stop bad [[luck]]. The [[savage]] could get a new name by buying it from the tribal chief; men still invest in titles and [[degrees]]. But among the most [[primitive]] [[tribes]], such as the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushmen African Bushmen], [[individual]] [[names]] do not exist.

88:5.5 [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_52#52:1._PRIMITIVE_MAN Primitive man] believed that [[names]] must be treated with [[respect]], especially names of the [[gods]]. The [[name]] was regarded as an [[entity]], an [[influence]] distinct from the [[physical]] [[personality]]; it was esteemed equally with the [[soul]] and the [[shadow]]. [[Names]] were pawned for loans; a man could not use his name until it had been redeemed by payment of the loan. Nowadays one signs his name to a note. An [[individual]]'s name soon became important in [[magic]]. The savage had two names; the important one was regarded as too [[sacred]] to use on ordinary occasions, hence the second or everyday name—a nickname. He never told his real name to strangers. Any [[experience]] of an unusual nature caused him to [[change]] his name; sometimes it was in an [[effort]] to cure [[disease]] or to stop bad [[luck]]. The [[savage]] could get a new name by buying it from the tribal chief; men still invest in titles and [[degrees]]. But among the most [[primitive]] [[tribes]], such as the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushmen African Bushmen], [[individual]] [[names]] do not exist.

==88:6. THE PRACTICE OF MAGIC==

==88:6. THE PRACTICE OF MAGIC==

88:6.9 Presented by a [[Brilliant Evening Star]] of [[Nebadon]].

88:6.9 Presented by a [[Brilliant Evening Star]] of [[Nebadon]].

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[[Category: PART III: The History of Urantia]]

[[Category: PART III: The History of Urantia]]