Changes

[[Sherry Arnstein]] discusses types of participation and "nonparticipation" in  ''A Ladder of Citizen Participation'' (1969). She grades levels of participation from '''Manipulation''' (least citizen participation) to '''Citizen Control''' (most citizen participation). The three (3) categories used are:

[[Sherry Arnstein]] discusses types of participation and "nonparticipation" in  ''A Ladder of Citizen Participation'' (1969). She grades levels of participation from '''Manipulation''' (least citizen participation) to '''Citizen Control''' (most citizen participation). The three (3) categories used are:

'''Degrees of Citizen Power'''

'''Degrees of Citizen Power''' characterized by Citizen Control, Delegated Power, and Partnership

*Citizen Control

*Delegated Power

*Partnership

'''Degrees of Tokenism'''

'''Degrees of Tokenism''' characterized by Placation, Consultation, and Informing

*Placation

*Consultation

*Informing

'''Nonparticipation'''

'''Nonparticipation''' characterized by Therapy and Manipulation

*Therapy

*Manipulation

Arnstein continues to define citizen participation as "''the redistribution of power that enables the havenot citizens, presently excluded from the political and economic processes, to be deliberately included in the future''".

Arnstein continues to define citizen participation as "''the redistribution of power that enables the havenot citizens, presently excluded from the political and economic processes, to be deliberately included in the future''".

Multiple other "''ladders''" of participation have been presented, most notably Connor's "A new ladder of citizen participation" (1988), Wiedemann and Femers' "Public Participation in waste management decision making: analysis and management of conflicts" (1993) and Dorcey et al. "Public Involvement in government decision making: choosing the right model" (1994).

Multiple other "''ladders''" of participation have been presented, most notably Connor's "A new ladder of citizen participation" (1988), Wiedemann and Femers' "Public Participation in waste management decision making: analysis and management of conflicts" (1993) and Dorcey et al. "Public Involvement in government decision making: choosing the right model" (1994).

==External links==

==External links==

*[http://www.zmag.org/books/pareconv/Chapter2.htm#_VPID_22 Participatory Economics Book Page (Participatory Decision Making)]

*[http://www.zmag.org/books/pareconv/Chapter2.htm#_VPID_22 Participatory Economics Book Page (Participatory Decision Making)]

[[Category: General Reference]]

[[Category: General Reference]]