Changes

<center>For lessons on the [[topic]] of '''''Perception''''', follow [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Perception this link].</center>

<center>For lessons on the [[topic]] of '''''Perception''''', follow [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Perception this link].</center>

===History===

===History===

a1398 J. TREVISA tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 14v, It nedi{th} to {th}e ouer aungels alwey teche and lede {th}e ne{th}ir aungelis {th}at {th}ey mowe be knowinge to {th}e bischinynge and illuminacioun, adduccioun & comunicacioun, induccioun, conuersioun, commencoun, & percepcioun of god. 1611 R. COTGRAVE Dict. French & Eng. Tongues, Perception, a perception; a perceiuing, apprehension, vnderstanding. 1661 J. GLANVILL Vanity of Dogmatizing x. 87 The best Philosophy..derives all sensitive perception from Motion, and corporal impress. 1690 J. LOCKE Ess. Humane Understanding II. vi. 51 The two great and principal Actions of the Mind..are these two: Perception, or [[Thinking]]; and Volition, or Willing. 1725 I. WATTS Logick I. i, Perception is that Act of the [[Mind]] (or as some Philosophers call it, rather a Passion or Impression) whereby the Mind becomes conscious of any Thing, as when I feel Hunger, Thirst, or Cold, or Heat; when I see a Horse, a Tree, or a Man; when I hear a human Voice, or Thunder. 1751 J. HARRIS Hermes I. ii. 15 By the [[Power]]s of Perception, I mean the Senses and the [[Intellect]]. 1826 W. KIRBY & W. SPENCE Introd. Entomol. IV. xlv. 234 The agent between the common sensory and the sense is the consciousness or perception of the impression. 1860 J. TYNDALL Glaciers of Alps II. ix. 270 Such pleasure the direct perception of natural [[truth]] always imparts. 1924 R. M. OGDEN tr. K. Koffka Growth of Mind v. 295 This constancy of form becomes the child's mode of perception. 1970 A. TOFFLER Future Shock iii. 40 Man's perception of [[time]] is closely linked with his internal rhythms. 1990 Philos. Rev. 99 113 Berkeley's minds are active in imagination and passive in perception. [http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50175105?query_type=word&queryword=perception&first=1&max_to_show=10&sort_type=alpha&result_place=2&search_id=dpsI-FPuMT0-7974&hilite=50175105]

a1398 J. TREVISA tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 14v, It nedi{th} to {th}e ouer aungels alwey teche and lede {th}e ne{th}ir aungelis {th}at {th}ey mowe be knowinge to {th}e bischinynge and illuminacioun, adduccioun & comunicacioun, induccioun, conuersioun, commencoun, & percepcioun of god. 1611 R. COTGRAVE Dict. French & Eng. Tongues, Perception, a perception; a perceiuing, apprehension, vnderstanding. 1661 J. GLANVILL Vanity of Dogmatizing x. 87 The best Philosophy..derives all sensitive perception from Motion, and corporal impress. 1690 J. LOCKE Ess. Humane Understanding II. vi. 51 The two great and principal Actions of the Mind..are these two: Perception, or [[Thinking]]; and Volition, or Willing. 1725 I. WATTS Logick I. i, Perception is that Act of the [[Mind]] (or as some Philosophers call it, rather a Passion or Impression) whereby the Mind becomes conscious of any Thing, as when I feel Hunger, Thirst, or Cold, or Heat; when I see a Horse, a Tree, or a Man; when I hear a human Voice, or Thunder. 1751 J. HARRIS Hermes I. ii. 15 By the [[Power]]s of Perception, I mean the Senses and the [[Intellect]]. 1826 W. KIRBY & W. SPENCE Introd. Entomol. IV. xlv. 234 The agent between the common sensory and the sense is the consciousness or perception of the impression. 1860 J. TYNDALL Glaciers of Alps II. ix. 270 Such pleasure the direct perception of natural [[truth]] always imparts. 1924 R. M. OGDEN tr. K. Koffka Growth of Mind v. 295 This constancy of form becomes the child's mode of perception. 1970 A. TOFFLER Future Shock iii. 40 Man's perception of [[time]] is closely linked with his internal rhythms. 1990 Philos. Rev. 99 113 Berkeley's minds are active in imagination and passive in perception. [https://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50175105?query_type=word&queryword=perception&first=1&max_to_show=10&sort_type=alpha&result_place=2&search_id=dpsI-FPuMT0-7974&hilite=50175105]

==Article==

==Article==

Perception alters what [[human]]s see, into a diluted version of [[reality]], which ultimately corrupts the way humans perceive the truth. When people view something with a preconceived [[idea]] about it, they tend to take those preconceived ideas and see them whether or not they are there. This problem stems from the [[fact]] that humans are unable to understand new [[information]], without the inherent [[bias]] of their previous [[knowledge]]. The extent of a person’s knowledge creates their [[reality]] as much as the [[truth]], because the human mind can only contemplate that which it has been exposed to. When objects are viewed without understanding, the mind will try to reach for something that it already recognizes, in order to process what it is viewing. That which most closely relates to the unfamiliar from our past experiences, makes up what we see when we look at things that we don’t comprehend.

Perception alters what [[human]]s see, into a diluted version of [[reality]], which ultimately corrupts the way humans perceive the truth. When people view something with a preconceived [[idea]] about it, they tend to take those preconceived ideas and see them whether or not they are there. This problem stems from the [[fact]] that humans are unable to understand new [[information]], without the inherent [[bias]] of their previous [[knowledge]]. The extent of a person’s knowledge creates their [[reality]] as much as the [[truth]], because the human mind can only contemplate that which it has been exposed to. When objects are viewed without understanding, the mind will try to reach for something that it already recognizes, in order to process what it is viewing. That which most closely relates to the unfamiliar from our past experiences, makes up what we see when we look at things that we don’t comprehend.

This confusing [[ambiguity]] of perception is exploited in human technologies such as [[camouflage]], and also in biological [[mimicry]], for example by [[Peacock (butterfly)|Peacock butterflies]], whose wings bear eye markings that birds respond to as though they were the eyes of a dangerous [[predator]]. Perceptual ambiguity is not restricted to vision. For example, recent [[Somatosensory system|touch perception]] research ([http://www.roblesdelatorre.com/gabriel/GR-VH-Nature2001.pdf Robles-De-La-Torre & Hayward 2001]) found that [[kinesthesia]]-based [[haptic]] perception strongly relies on the forces experienced during touch. This makes it possible to produce [http://www.roblesdelatorre.com/gabriel/haptics.htm illusory touch percepts]  (see also the MIT Technology Review article [http://www.technologyreview.com/read_article.aspx?id=17363&ch=biotech&sc=&pg=1 The Cutting Edge of Haptics]).

This confusing [[ambiguity]] of perception is exploited in human technologies such as [[camouflage]], and also in biological [[mimicry]], for example by [[Peacock (butterfly)|Peacock butterflies]], whose wings bear eye markings that birds respond to as though they were the eyes of a dangerous [[predator]]. Perceptual ambiguity is not restricted to vision. For example, recent [[Somatosensory system|touch perception]] research ([https://www.roblesdelatorre.com/gabriel/GR-VH-Nature2001.pdf Robles-De-La-Torre & Hayward 2001]) found that [[kinesthesia]]-based [[haptic]] perception strongly relies on the forces experienced during touch. This makes it possible to produce [https://www.roblesdelatorre.com/gabriel/haptics.htm illusory touch percepts]  (see also the MIT Technology Review article [https://www.technologyreview.com/read_article.aspx?id=17363&ch=biotech&sc=&pg=1 The Cutting Edge of Haptics]).

[[Cognition|Cognitive]] theories of perception assume there is a poverty of stimulus. This (with reference to perception) is the claim that [[sensation]]s are, by themselves, unable to provide a unique description of the world. [[Sensation]]s require 'enriching', which is the role of the mental model. A different type of theory is the [[perceptual ecology]] approach of [[J. J. Gibson|James J. Gibson]]. Gibson rejected the assumption of a poverty of stimulus by rejecting the notion that perception is based in sensations. Instead, he investigated what information is actually presented to the perceptual systems.  He (and [http://www.perception-in-action.ed.ac.uk/ the psychologists] who work within this [[paradigm]]) detailed how the world could be specified to a mobile, exploring organism via the lawful projection of information about the world into energy arrays. Specification is a 1:1 mapping of some aspect of the world into a perceptual array; given such a mapping, no enrichment is required and perception is direct.

[[Cognition|Cognitive]] theories of perception assume there is a poverty of stimulus. This (with reference to perception) is the claim that [[sensation]]s are, by themselves, unable to provide a unique description of the world. [[Sensation]]s require 'enriching', which is the role of the mental model. A different type of theory is the [[perceptual ecology]] approach of [[J. J. Gibson|James J. Gibson]]. Gibson rejected the assumption of a poverty of stimulus by rejecting the notion that perception is based in sensations. Instead, he investigated what information is actually presented to the perceptual systems.  He (and [https://www.perception-in-action.ed.ac.uk/ the psychologists] who work within this [[paradigm]]) detailed how the world could be specified to a mobile, exploring organism via the lawful projection of information about the world into energy arrays. Specification is a 1:1 mapping of some aspect of the world into a perceptual array; given such a mapping, no enrichment is required and perception is direct.

=== Perception-in-action ===   

=== Perception-in-action ===   

===References and further reading===

===References and further reading===

* Flanagan, J.R., Lederman, S.J. [http://brain.phgy.queensu.ca/flanagan/papers/FlaLed_NAT_01.pdf Neurobiology: Feeling bumps and holes], News and Views, Nature, 412(6845):389-91 (2001).

* Flanagan, J.R., Lederman, S.J. [https://brain.phgy.queensu.ca/flanagan/papers/FlaLed_NAT_01.pdf Neurobiology: Feeling bumps and holes], News and Views, Nature, 412(6845):389-91 (2001).

* [[James.J.Gibson,]] ''The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems''. Boston 1966.

* [[James.J.Gibson,]] ''The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems''. Boston 1966.

* James J. Gibson. ''The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception''. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1987. ISBN 0898599598

* James J. Gibson. ''The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception''. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1987. ISBN 0898599598

* Hayward V, Astley OR, Cruz-Hernandez M, Grant D, Robles-De-La-Torre G. [http://www.roblesdelatorre.com/gabriel/VH-OA-MC-DG-GR-04.pdf  Haptic interfaces and devices]. Sensor Review 24(1), pp. 16-29 (2004).

* Hayward V, Astley OR, Cruz-Hernandez M, Grant D, Robles-De-La-Torre G. [https://www.roblesdelatorre.com/gabriel/VH-OA-MC-DG-GR-04.pdf  Haptic interfaces and devices]. Sensor Review 24(1), pp. 16-29 (2004).

* Robles-De-La-Torre G. & Hayward V. [http://www.roblesdelatorre.com/gabriel/GR-VH-Nature2001.pdf Force Can Overcome Object Geometry In the perception of Shape Through Active Touch]. Nature 412 (6845):445-8 (2001).

* Robles-De-La-Torre G. & Hayward V. [https://www.roblesdelatorre.com/gabriel/GR-VH-Nature2001.pdf Force Can Overcome Object Geometry In the perception of Shape Through Active Touch]. Nature 412 (6845):445-8 (2001).

* Robles-De-La-Torre G. [http://www.roblesdelatorre.com/gabriel/GR-IEEE-MM-2006.pdf The Importance of the Sense of Touch in Virtual and Real Environments]. IEEE Multimedia 13(3), Special issue on Haptic User Interfaces for Multimedia Systems, pp. 24-30 (2006).

* Robles-De-La-Torre G. [https://www.roblesdelatorre.com/gabriel/GR-IEEE-MM-2006.pdf The Importance of the Sense of Touch in Virtual and Real Environments]. IEEE Multimedia 13(3), Special issue on Haptic User Interfaces for Multimedia Systems, pp. 24-30 (2006).

===References===

===References===

# [http://www.OED.com Oxford English Dictionary]

# [https://www.OED.com Oxford English Dictionary]

===External links===

===External links===

* [http://www.roblesdelatorre.com/gabriel/haptics.htm Paradoxical haptic objects]. An example of touch illusions of shape. See also the MIT Technology Review article:

* [https://www.roblesdelatorre.com/gabriel/haptics.htm Paradoxical haptic objects]. An example of touch illusions of shape. See also the MIT Technology Review article:

* [http://www.technologyreview.com/read_article.aspx?id=17363&ch=biotech&sc=&pg=1 The Cutting Edge of Haptics], by Duncan Graham-Rowe.

* [https://www.technologyreview.com/read_article.aspx?id=17363&ch=biotech&sc=&pg=1 The Cutting Edge of Haptics], by Duncan Graham-Rowe.

* [http://www.simplypsychology.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/perception-theories.html Theories of Perception]

* [https://www.simplypsychology.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/perception-theories.html Theories of Perception]

* [http://www.richardgregory.org/ Richard L Gregory]

* [https://www.richardgregory.org/ Richard L Gregory]

[[Category: Psychology]]

[[Category: Psychology]]