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''Phenomenon'' has a specialized [[meaning]] in the  [[philosophy]] of [[Immanuel Kant]], who contrasted the term ''phenomenon'' with ''[[noumenon]]'' in the ''[[Critique of Pure Reason]]''. Phenomena according to Kant are objects of sensible intuition, sensible entities coextensive with appearances. A noumenon on the other hand is an object exclusively of understanding; it is an object that is given only to a subject's intellect or understanding, i.e., not given by sensibility. As such, the noumenon and Kant's thing-in-itself (Ding an sich) are closely related; for Kant they refer to the same things. However, they differ in that the thing-in-itself is an ontological concept of an object as it is constituted in itself, while the noumenon is an epistemological concept of an object of a certain mode of cognition, namely intellectual intuition. Both, however, cannot be known. The concept of 'phenomena' relates to the tradition of philosophy called [[phenomenology]]. Leading figures in phenomenology - the science of objects as they appear - include [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]], [[Edmund Husserl|Husserl]], [[Martin Heidegger|Heidegger]], [[Maurice Merleau-Ponty|Merleau-Ponty]] and influenced [[Jacques Derrida|Derrida]], [[Gilles Deleuze|Deleuze]] and many other thinkers. Kant's account of phenomena has also been influential in the development of [[psychodynamic]] models of psychology, and of theories concerning the ways in which the brain, mind and external world interact.

''Phenomenon'' has a specialized [[meaning]] in the  [[philosophy]] of [[Immanuel Kant]], who contrasted the term ''phenomenon'' with ''[[noumenon]]'' in the ''[[Critique of Pure Reason]]''. Phenomena according to Kant are objects of sensible intuition, sensible entities coextensive with appearances. A noumenon on the other hand is an object exclusively of understanding; it is an object that is given only to a subject's intellect or understanding, i.e., not given by sensibility. As such, the noumenon and Kant's thing-in-itself (Ding an sich) are closely related; for Kant they refer to the same things. However, they differ in that the thing-in-itself is an ontological concept of an object as it is constituted in itself, while the noumenon is an epistemological concept of an object of a certain mode of cognition, namely intellectual intuition. Both, however, cannot be known. The concept of 'phenomena' relates to the tradition of philosophy called [[phenomenology]]. Leading figures in phenomenology - the science of objects as they appear - include [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]], [[Edmund Husserl|Husserl]], [[Martin Heidegger|Heidegger]], [[Maurice Merleau-Ponty|Merleau-Ponty]] and influenced [[Jacques Derrida|Derrida]], [[Gilles Deleuze|Deleuze]] and many other thinkers. Kant's account of phenomena has also been influential in the development of [[psychodynamic]] models of psychology, and of theories concerning the ways in which the brain, mind and external world interact.

== Quotations ==

== Quotations ==

*"To study the phenomenon of disease without books is to sail an uncharted sea, while to study books without patients is not to go to sea at all." [[Sir William Osler]]

*"To study the phenomenon of disease without books is to sail an uncharted sea, while to study books without patients is not to go to sea at all." [[Sir William Osler]]

*"If we knew all the laws of [[Nature]], we should need only fact, or the description of one actual phenomenon, to infer all the particular results at that point." [[Henry David Thoreau]]

*"If we knew all the laws of [[Nature]], we should need only fact, or the description of one actual phenomenon, to infer all the particular results at that point." [[Henry David Thoreau]]

[[Category: General Reference]]

[[Category: General Reference]]

[[Category: Philosophy]]

[[Category: Philosophy]]