Changes

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*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_century 1557]

*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_century 1557]

==Definitions==

==Definitions==

*1a : a [[systematic]] presentation of [[intersecting]] coordinate lines on a flat [[surface]] upon which features from a curved surface (as of the [[earth]] or the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_sphere celestial sphere]) may be mapped <an equal-area map projection>

*1a : a [[systematic]] presentation of [[intersecting]] coordinate lines on a flat [[surface]] upon which features from a curved surface (as of the [[earth]] or the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_sphere celestial sphere]) may be mapped <an equal-area map projection>

:b : the [[process]] or [[technique]] of reproducing a spatial object upon a plane or curved surface or a line by projecting its points; also : a graph or figure so formed

:b : the [[process]] or [[technique]] of reproducing a spatial object upon a plane or curved surface or a line by projecting its points; also : a graph or figure so formed

*2: a [[transforming]] [[change]]

*2: a [[transforming]] [[change]]

<center>For lessons on the topic of '''''Projection''''', follow [http://192.169.231.138/nordan/new_wiki/index.php?title=Category:Projection '''''this link'''''].</center>

<center>For lessons on the topic of '''''Projection''''', follow [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Projection '''''this link'''''].</center>

==Description==

==Description==

[[Psychological]] '''projection''' was conceptualized by [[Sigmund Freud]] in the 1890s as a [[defense]] [[mechanism]] in which a person unconsciously [[rejects]] his or her own unacceptable [[attributes]] by ascribing them to objects or persons in the outside world.

[[Psychological]] '''projection''' was conceptualized by [[Sigmund Freud]] in the 1890s as a [[defense]] [[mechanism]] in which a person unconsciously [[rejects]] his or her own unacceptable [[attributes]] by ascribing them to objects or persons in the outside world.

Although rooted in early developmental [[stages]], and classed by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Eman_Vaillant Vaillant] as an immature defence, the projection of one's [[negative]] [[qualities]] onto others on a small scale is nevertheless a common [[process]] in everyday life.

Although rooted in early developmental [[stages]], and classed by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Eman_Vaillant Vaillant] as an immature defence, the projection of one's [[negative]] [[qualities]] onto others on a small scale is nevertheless a common [[process]] in everyday life.

Projection was conceptualised by Freud in his letters to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Fliess Wilhelm Fliess], and further refined by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Abraham Karl Abraham] and [[Anna Freud]]. Freud considered that in projection [[thoughts]], [[motivations]], [[desires]], and [[feelings]] that cannot be [[accepted]] as one's own are dealt with by being placed in the outside world and attributed to someone else. What the [[ego]] repudiates is split off and placed in another.

Projection was conceptualised by Freud in his letters to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Fliess Wilhelm Fliess], and further refined by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Abraham Karl Abraham] and [[Anna Freud]]. Freud considered that in projection [[thoughts]], [[motivations]], [[desires]], and [[feelings]] that cannot be [[accepted]] as one's own are dealt with by being placed in the outside world and attributed to someone else. What the [[ego]] repudiates is split off and placed in another.

Freud would later come to [[believe]] that projection did not take place at [[random]], but rather seized on and exaggerated an element that already existed on a small scale in the other person. (The related defence of projective identification differs from projection in that there the other person is [[expected]] to become identified with the [[impulse]] or [[desire]] projected outside, so that the self maintains a [[connection]] with what is projected, in [[contrast]] to the total repudiation of projection proper.

Freud would later come to [[believe]] that projection did not take place at [[random]], but rather seized on and exaggerated an element that already existed on a small scale in the other person. (The related defence of projective identification differs from projection in that there the other person is [[expected]] to become identified with the [[impulse]] or [[desire]] projected outside, so that the self maintains a [[connection]] with what is projected, in [[contrast]] to the total repudiation of projection proper.

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanie_Klein Melanie Klein] saw the projection of [[good]] parts of the [[self]] as leading potentially to over-idealisation of the object. Equally, it may be one's [[conscience]] that is projected, in an attempt to [[escape]] its [[control]]: a more benign version of this allows one to come to terms with outside [[authority]].

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanie_Klein Melanie Klein] saw the projection of [[good]] parts of the [[self]] as leading potentially to over-idealisation of the object. Equally, it may be one's [[conscience]] that is projected, in an attempt to [[escape]] its [[control]]: a more benign version of this allows one to come to terms with outside [[authority]].

Later studies were critical of Freud's theory. [[Research]] supports the existence of a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False-consensus_effect false consensus effect] whereby humans have a broad tendency to [[believe]] that others are similar to themselves, and thus "project" their personal [[traits]] onto others. This applies to [[good]] traits as well as bad traits and is not a [[defence]] mechanism for denying the [[existence]] of the trait within [[the self]].

Later studies were critical of Freud's theory. [[Research]] supports the existence of a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False-consensus_effect false consensus effect] whereby humans have a broad tendency to [[believe]] that others are similar to themselves, and thus "project" their personal [[traits]] onto others. This applies to [[good]] traits as well as bad traits and is not a [[defence]] mechanism for denying the [[existence]] of the trait within [[the self]].

Instead, Newman, Duff, and Baumeister (1997) proposed a new model of defensive projection. In this view, people try to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thought_suppression suppress thoughts] of their undesirable [[traits]], and these efforts make those trait categories highly accessible — so that they are then used all the more often when forming [[impressions]] of others. The projection is then only a by-product of the real defensive mechanism.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_projection]

Instead, Newman, Duff, and Baumeister (1997) proposed a new model of defensive projection. In this view, people try to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thought_suppression suppress thoughts] of their undesirable [[traits]], and these efforts make those trait categories highly accessible — so that they are then used all the more often when forming [[impressions]] of others. The projection is then only a by-product of the real defensive mechanism.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_projection]

[[Category: Psychology]]

[[Category: Psychology]]