Changes

==Etymology==

==Etymology==

[http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=English#ca._1100-1500_.09THE_MIDDLE_ENGLISH_PERIOD Middle English], from Anglo-French revenger, revengier, from re- + venger to avenge  

[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=English#ca._1100-1500_.09THE_MIDDLE_ENGLISH_PERIOD Middle English], from Anglo-French revenger, revengier, from re- + venger to avenge  

*Date: [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Century 14th century]

*Date: [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Century 14th century]

==Definitions==

==Definitions==

*1 : to avenge (as oneself) usually by retaliating in kind or [[degree]]

*1 : to avenge (as oneself) usually by retaliating in kind or [[degree]]

==Description==

==Description==

'''Revenge''' (also known as vengeance) is a harmful [[action]] against a [[person]] or [[group]] as a [[response]] to a real or [[perceived]] grievance. Although many aspects of revenge resemble the [[concept]] of [[justice]], revenge connotes a more injurious and punitive  [[focus]] as opposed to a [[harmonious]] and restorative one. Whereas [[justice]] generally implies [[actions]] undertaken and supported by a legitimate [[judicial]] [[system]], by a system of [[ethics]], or on behalf of an ethical [[majority]], revenge generally implies actions undertaken by an [[individual]] or narrowly defined group outside the boundaries of [[judicial]] or ethical conduct. The goal of revenge usually consists of forcing the perceived wrongdoer to suffer the same or greater [[pain]] than that which was originally inflicted.

'''Revenge''' (also known as vengeance) is a harmful [[action]] against a [[person]] or [[group]] as a [[response]] to a real or [[perceived]] grievance. Although many aspects of revenge resemble the [[concept]] of [[justice]], revenge connotes a more injurious and punitive  [[focus]] as opposed to a [[harmonious]] and restorative one. Whereas [[justice]] generally implies [[actions]] undertaken and supported by a legitimate [[judicial]] [[system]], by a system of [[ethics]], or on behalf of an ethical [[majority]], revenge generally implies actions undertaken by an [[individual]] or narrowly defined group outside the boundaries of [[judicial]] or ethical conduct. The goal of revenge usually consists of forcing the perceived wrongdoer to suffer the same or greater [[pain]] than that which was originally inflicted.

==Function in society==

==Function in society==

In some [[societies]], it is believed that the [[punishment]] in revenge should be more than the [[original]] [[injury]], as a punitive [[measure]]. Detractors [[argue]] that revenge is a simple logical [[fallacy]], of the same [[design]] as "two wrongs make a right". Some assert that the [[Old Testament]] "an eye for an eye"[http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Exodus#Chapter_.21] [[validates]] the [[concept]] of [[proportionate]] revenge, in which there would be a simple '[[equality]] of [[suffering]]'; however this view confounds the concepts of "[[justice]]" and "revenge," and disregards the fact that "eye for an eye"[http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Exodus#Chapter_.21] justice was a philosophical advance on the [[normative]] [[practice]] of the day, (cf "[[Blood feud]], Vendetta", infra) and that [[Scripture]] elsewhere prescribes “Do not seek revenge . . . love your neighbor as yourself”[http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Leviticus#Chapter_.19].

In some [[societies]], it is believed that the [[punishment]] in revenge should be more than the [[original]] [[injury]], as a punitive [[measure]]. Detractors [[argue]] that revenge is a simple logical [[fallacy]], of the same [[design]] as "two wrongs make a right". Some assert that the [[Old Testament]] "an eye for an eye"[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Exodus#Chapter_.21] [[validates]] the [[concept]] of [[proportionate]] revenge, in which there would be a simple '[[equality]] of [[suffering]]'; however this view confounds the concepts of "[[justice]]" and "revenge," and disregards the fact that "eye for an eye"[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Exodus#Chapter_.21] justice was a philosophical advance on the [[normative]] [[practice]] of the day, (cf "[[Blood feud]], Vendetta", infra) and that [[Scripture]] elsewhere prescribes “Do not seek revenge . . . love your neighbor as yourself”[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Leviticus#Chapter_.19].

Of the [[psychological]], [[moral]], and [[cultural]] [[foundation]] for revenge, philosopher [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum Martha Nussbaum] has written: "The [[primitive]] sense of the just—remarkably constant from several [[ancient]] cultures to [[modern]] [[institutions]]...—starts from the notion that a [[human]] life...is a vulnerable thing, a thing that can be invaded, wounded, violated by another's [[act]] in many ways. For this penetration, the only remedy that seems appropriate is a counter [[invasion]], equally deliberate, equally grave. And to right the [[balance]] truly, the retribution must be exactly, strictly [[proportional]] to the [[original]] encroachment. It differs from the [[original]] [[act]] only in the [[sequence]] of [[time]] and in the [[fact]] that it is [[response]] rather than original act—a fact frequently obscured if there is a long sequence of acts and counteracts". [[Desire]] for the sustenance of [[power]] [[motivates]] vengeful [[behavior]] as a means of impression management: "People who are more vengeful tend to be those who are [[motivated]] by [[power]], by [[authority]] and by the [[desire]] for [[status]]. They don't want to lose face," says Social psychologist Ian McKee.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenge]

Of the [[psychological]], [[moral]], and [[cultural]] [[foundation]] for revenge, philosopher [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum Martha Nussbaum] has written: "The [[primitive]] sense of the just—remarkably constant from several [[ancient]] cultures to [[modern]] [[institutions]]...—starts from the notion that a [[human]] life...is a vulnerable thing, a thing that can be invaded, wounded, violated by another's [[act]] in many ways. For this penetration, the only remedy that seems appropriate is a counter [[invasion]], equally deliberate, equally grave. And to right the [[balance]] truly, the retribution must be exactly, strictly [[proportional]] to the [[original]] encroachment. It differs from the [[original]] [[act]] only in the [[sequence]] of [[time]] and in the [[fact]] that it is [[response]] rather than original act—a fact frequently obscured if there is a long sequence of acts and counteracts". [[Desire]] for the sustenance of [[power]] [[motivates]] vengeful [[behavior]] as a means of impression management: "People who are more vengeful tend to be those who are [[motivated]] by [[power]], by [[authority]] and by the [[desire]] for [[status]]. They don't want to lose face," says Social psychologist Ian McKee.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenge]

==See also==

==See also==

*'''''[[Retribution]]'''''

*'''''[[Retribution]]'''''