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[[Image:JohnsonOpie.jpg|right|frame|<center>Samuel Johnson by John Opie</center>]]

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'''Samuel Johnson ''' (often referred to as '''Dr Johnson''') (18 September 1709 - December 1784) was an English author. Beginning as a Grub Street journalist, he made lasting contributions to English literature as a poet, essayist, moralist, novelist, literary critic, biographer, editor and [[lexicographer]]. Johnson was a devout [[Anglican]] and political conservative, and has been described as "arguably the most distinguished man of letters in English history".[~~http~~://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/14918] He is also the subject of "the most famous single work of biographical art in the whole of literature": [[James Boswell]]'s ''[~~http~~://books.google.com/books?id=b-8cONT4lHIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=life+of+samuel+johnson#PPP13,M1 Life of Samuel Johnson]''.

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'''Samuel Johnson ''' (often referred to as '''Dr Johnson''') (18 September 1709 - December 1784) was an English author. Beginning as a Grub Street journalist, he made lasting contributions to English literature as a poet, essayist, moralist, novelist, literary critic, biographer, editor and [[lexicographer]]. Johnson was a devout [[Anglican]] and political conservative, and has been described as "arguably the most distinguished man of letters in English history".[https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/14918] He is also the subject of "the most famous single work of biographical art in the whole of literature": [[James Boswell]]'s ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=b-8cONT4lHIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=life+of+samuel+johnson#PPP13,M1 Life of Samuel Johnson]''.

Johnson was born in Lichfield, Staffordshire, and attended Pembroke College, Oxford for a year, before his lack of funds forced him to leave. After working as a teacher he moved to London, where he began to write essays for ''The Gentleman's Magazine''. His early works include the biography ''The Life of Richard Savage'', the poems "London |London'' and ''The Vanity of Human Wishes'', and the play ''Irene''.

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After nine years of work, Johnson's ''[~~http~~://books.google.com/books?id=0ekIAAAAQAAJ A Dictionary of the English Language]'' was published in 1755; it had a far-reaching impact on Modern English and has been described as "one of the greatest single achievements of scholarship". The ''Dictionary'' brought Johnson popularity and success; until the completion of the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', 150 years later, Johnson's was viewed as the pre-eminent British dictionary. His later works included essays, an influential annotated edition of The Plays of William Shakespeare, and the widely read novel ''The History of Rasselas''. In 1763, he befriended James Boswell, with whom he later travelled to Scotland; Johnson described their travels in ''A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland''. Towards the end of his life, he produced the massive and influential ''[~~http~~://books.google.com/books?id=YlALAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=lives+of+the+most+eminent+english+poets#PPP2,M1 Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets]'', a collection of biographies and evaluations of 17th- and 18th-century poets.

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After nine years of work, Johnson's ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=0ekIAAAAQAAJ A Dictionary of the English Language]'' was published in 1755; it had a far-reaching impact on Modern English and has been described as "one of the greatest single achievements of scholarship". The ''Dictionary'' brought Johnson popularity and success; until the completion of the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', 150 years later, Johnson's was viewed as the pre-eminent British dictionary. His later works included essays, an influential annotated edition of The Plays of William Shakespeare, and the widely read novel ''The History of Rasselas''. In 1763, he befriended James Boswell, with whom he later travelled to Scotland; Johnson described their travels in ''A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland''. Towards the end of his life, he produced the massive and influential ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YlALAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=lives+of+the+most+eminent+english+poets#PPP2,M1 Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets]'', a collection of biographies and evaluations of 17th- and 18th-century poets.

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Johnson had a tall and robust figure, but his odd gestures and tics were confusing to some on their first encounter with him. Boswell's ''Life'', along with other biographies, documented Johnson's behaviour and mannerisms in such detail that they have informed the posthumous diagnosis of Tourette syndrome (TS), a condition unknown in the 18th century. After a series of illnesses he died on the evening of 13, December 1784, and was buried in [~~http~~://www.westminster-abbey.org/ Westminster Abbey]. In the years following his death, Johnson began to be recognised as having had a lasting effect on literary criticism, and even as the only great critic of English literature.

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Johnson had a tall and robust figure, but his odd gestures and tics were confusing to some on their first encounter with him. Boswell's ''Life'', along with other biographies, documented Johnson's behaviour and mannerisms in such detail that they have informed the posthumous diagnosis of Tourette syndrome (TS), a condition unknown in the 18th century. After a series of illnesses he died on the evening of 13, December 1784, and was buried in [https://www.westminster-abbey.org/ Westminster Abbey]. In the years following his death, Johnson began to be recognised as having had a lasting effect on literary criticism, and even as the only great critic of English literature.

==Biography==

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Johnson's health improved and he was put to wet-nurse with Joan Marklew. He soon contracted scrofula, known at that time as the "King's Evil" because it was thought royalty could cure it. Sir John Floyer, former physician to Charles II, recommended that the young Johnson should receive the "royal touch", which he received from Queen Anne on 30, March 1712. However, the ritual was ineffective, and an operation was performed that left him with permanent scars across his face and body. With the birth of Johnson's brother, Nathaniel, a few months later, Michael was unable to keep on top of the debts he had accumulated over the years, and his family was no longer able to live in the style to which it had been accustomed.

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Johnson demonstrated signs of great intelligence as a child, and his parents, to his later disgust, would show off his "newly acquired accomplishments". His education began at the age of three, and came from his mother who had him memorise and recite passages from the [~~http~~://books.google.com/books?id=xmMNAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=book+of+common+prayer Book of Common Prayer]. When Johnson turned four, he was sent to a nearby school, and, when he reached the age of six, he was sent to a retired shoemaker to continue his education. A year later, Johnson was sent to Lichfield Grammar School, where he excelled in [[Latin]]. During this time, Johnson started to exhibit the tics that would influence how people viewed him in his later years, and which formed the basis for the posthumous diagnosis of Tourette syndrome. He excelled at his studies and was promoted to the upper school at the age of nine. During this time, he befriended Edmund Hector, nephew of his "man-midwife" George Hector, and John Taylor, with whom he remained in contact for the rest of his life.

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Johnson demonstrated signs of great intelligence as a child, and his parents, to his later disgust, would show off his "newly acquired accomplishments". His education began at the age of three, and came from his mother who had him memorise and recite passages from the [https://books.google.com/books?id=xmMNAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=book+of+common+prayer Book of Common Prayer]. When Johnson turned four, he was sent to a nearby school, and, when he reached the age of six, he was sent to a retired shoemaker to continue his education. A year later, Johnson was sent to Lichfield Grammar School, where he excelled in [[Latin]]. During this time, Johnson started to exhibit the tics that would influence how people viewed him in his later years, and which formed the basis for the posthumous diagnosis of Tourette syndrome. He excelled at his studies and was promoted to the upper school at the age of nine. During this time, he befriended Edmund Hector, nephew of his "man-midwife" George Hector, and John Taylor, with whom he remained in contact for the rest of his life.

At the age of 16, Johnson was given the opportunity to stay with his cousins, the Fords, at Pedmore, Worcestershire. There he became a close friend of Cornelius Ford, who employed his knowledge of [[Classics|the classics]] to tutor Johnson while he was not attending school. Ford was a successful, well-connected academic, but was also a notorious alcoholic whose excesses contributed to his death six years after Johnson's visit. Having spent six months with his cousins, Johnson returned to Lichfield, but Hunter, "angered by the impertinence of this long absence", refused to allow him to continue at the grammar school. Unable to return to Lichfield Grammar School, Johnson was enrolled into the King Edward VI grammar school at Stourbridge. Because the school was located near Pedmore, Johnson was able to spend more time with the Fords, and he began to write poems and verse translations. However, he spent only six months at Stourbridge before returning once again to his parents' home in Lichfield.

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In preparation for the work, Johnson wrote a ''Plan'' for the ''Dictionary''. This ''Plan'' was patronised by Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield, to Johnson's displeasure. Chesterfield did not care about praise, but was interested by Johnson's abilities. Seven years after first meeting Johnson to go over the work, Chesterfield wrote two anonymous essays in ''The World'' recommending the ''Dictionary''. He complained that the English language lacked structure and argued in support of the dictionary. Johnson did not like the tone of the essay, and he felt that Chesterfield had not fulfilled his obligations as the work's patron. Johnson wrote a letter expressing this view and harshly criticising Chesterfield, saying "Is not a patron, my lord, one who looks with unconcern on a man struggling for life in the water, and when he has reached ground, encumbers him with help? The notice which you have been pleased to take of my labours, had it been early, had been kind: but it has been delayed till I am indifferent and cannot enjoy it; till I am solitary and cannot impart it; till I am known and do not want it." However, Chesterfield accepted this without any ill will and, impressed by the language, kept the letter displayed on a table for anyone to read.

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During his work on the dictionary, Johnson made many appeals for financial help in the form of subscriptions: patrons would get a copy of the first edition as soon as it was printed in compensation for their support during its compilation. The appeals ran until 1752. The ''Dictionary'' was finally published in September 1755, with the title page acknowledging that Oxford had awarded Johnson a Master of Arts degree in anticipation of the work. The published dictionary was a huge book. Its pages were nearly 18 in tall, and the book was 20 in wide when opened; it contained 42,773 entries, to which only a few more were added in subsequent editions, and sold for the extravagant price of £4 10s, the equivalent of about £350 today. An important innovation in English lexicography was to illustrate the meanings of his words by literary quotation, of which there are around 114,000. The authors most frequently cited include [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]], [[John Milton|Milton]] and [[John Dryden|Dryden]]. It was years before "Johnson's Dictionary", as it came to be known, turned a profit. Author's royalties were unknown at that time, and Johnson, once his contract to deliver the book was fulfilled, received no further monies from its sale. Years later, many of its quotations would be repeated by various editions of the ''[~~http~~://books.google.com/books?id=2yJusP0vrdgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=webster%27s+dictionary&lr= Webster's Dictionary]'' and the ''[~~http~~://books.google.com/books?id=oROQGwAACAAJ&dq=new+english+dictionary&lr= New English Dictionary]''.

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During his work on the dictionary, Johnson made many appeals for financial help in the form of subscriptions: patrons would get a copy of the first edition as soon as it was printed in compensation for their support during its compilation. The appeals ran until 1752. The ''Dictionary'' was finally published in September 1755, with the title page acknowledging that Oxford had awarded Johnson a Master of Arts degree in anticipation of the work. The published dictionary was a huge book. Its pages were nearly 18 in tall, and the book was 20 in wide when opened; it contained 42,773 entries, to which only a few more were added in subsequent editions, and sold for the extravagant price of £4 10s, the equivalent of about £350 today. An important innovation in English lexicography was to illustrate the meanings of his words by literary quotation, of which there are around 114,000. The authors most frequently cited include [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]], [[John Milton|Milton]] and [[John Dryden|Dryden]]. It was years before "Johnson's Dictionary", as it came to be known, turned a profit. Author's royalties were unknown at that time, and Johnson, once his contract to deliver the book was fulfilled, received no further monies from its sale. Years later, many of its quotations would be repeated by various editions of the ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2yJusP0vrdgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=webster%27s+dictionary&lr= Webster's Dictionary]'' and the ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=oROQGwAACAAJ&dq=new+english+dictionary&lr= New English Dictionary]''.

Besides working on the ''Dictionary'', Johnson also wrote various essays, sermons, and poems during these nine years. He decided to produce a series of essays under the title ''[[The Rambler]]'' that would run every Tuesday and Saturday for twopence each. Explaining the title years later, he told his friend, the painter [[Joshua Reynolds]]: "I was at a loss how to name it. I sat down at night upon my bedside, and resolved that I would not go to sleep till I had fixed its title. ''The Rambler'' seemed the best that occurred, and I took it". These essays, often on moral and religious topics, tended to be more grave than the title of the series would suggest; his first comments in ''The Rambler'' were to ask "that in this undertaking thy Holy Spirit may not be withheld from me, but that I may promote thy glory, and the salvation of myself and others". The popularity of ''The Rambler'' took off once the issues were collected as a volume; they were reprinted nine times during Johnson's life. Writer and printer Samuel Richardson, enjoying the essays greatly, questioned the publisher as to who wrote the works; only he and a few of Johnson's friends were told of Johnson's authorship. One friend, the novelist Charlotte Lennox, includes a defence of ''The Rambler'' in her novel ''The Female Quixote'' (1752). In particular, the character Mr. Glanville says, "you may sit in Judgment upon the Productions of a ''Young'', a ''Richardson'', or a ''Johnson''. Rail with premeditated Malice at the ''Rambler''; and for the want of Faults, turn even its inimitable Beauties into Ridicule" (Book VI, Chapter XI). Later, she claims Johnson as "the greatest Genius in the present Age".

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The last of these pamphlets, ''Taxation No Tyranny'' (1775), was a defence of the Coercive Acts and a response to the Declaration of Rights of the First Continental Congress of America, which protested against taxation without representation. Johnson argued that in emigrating to America, colonists had "voluntarily resigned the power of voting", but they still had "virtual representation" in Parliament. In a parody of the Declaration of Rights, Johnson suggested that the Americans had no more right to govern themselves than the [[Cornish people]]. If the Americans wanted to participate in Parliament, said Johnson, they could move to England and purchase an estate. Johnson denounced English supporters of American separatists as "traitors to this country", and hoped that the matter would be settled without bloodshed, but that it would end with "English superiority and American obedience". Years before, Johnson had advocated that the English and the French were just "two robbers" who were stealing land from the natives, and that neither deserved to live there. After the signing of the 1783 Peace of Paris treaties, marking the colonists' defeat of the British, Johnson was "deeply disturbed" with the "state of this kingdom".

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On 3 May 1777, while Johnson was trying to save Reverend William Dodd from execution, he wrote to Boswell that he was busy preparing a "little Lives" and "little Prefaces, to a little edition of the English Poets". Tom Davies, William Strahan and Thomas Cadell had asked Johnson to create this final major work, the ''[~~http~~://books.google.com/books?id=YlALAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=lives+of+the+most+eminent+english+poets#PPP2,M1 Lives of the English Poets]'', for which he asked 200 guineas, an amount significantly less than the price he could have demanded. The ''Lives'', which were critical as well as biographical studies, appeared as prefaces to selections of each poet's work, and they were quite larger than originally expected. The work was finished in March 1781 and the whole collection was published in six volumes. As Johnson justified in the advertisement for the work, "my purpose was only to have allotted to every Poet an Advertisement, like those which we find in the French Miscellanies, containing a few dates and a general character."

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On 3 May 1777, while Johnson was trying to save Reverend William Dodd from execution, he wrote to Boswell that he was busy preparing a "little Lives" and "little Prefaces, to a little edition of the English Poets". Tom Davies, William Strahan and Thomas Cadell had asked Johnson to create this final major work, the ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YlALAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=lives+of+the+most+eminent+english+poets#PPP2,M1 Lives of the English Poets]'', for which he asked 200 guineas, an amount significantly less than the price he could have demanded. The ''Lives'', which were critical as well as biographical studies, appeared as prefaces to selections of each poet's work, and they were quite larger than originally expected. The work was finished in March 1781 and the whole collection was published in six volumes. As Johnson justified in the advertisement for the work, "my purpose was only to have allotted to every Poet an Advertisement, like those which we find in the French Miscellanies, containing a few dates and a general character."

Johnson was unable to enjoy this success because [[Henry Thrale]], the dear friend with whom he lived, died on 4, April 1781. Life changed quickly for Johnson, and Hester Thrale became interested in the Italian singing teacher Gabriel Mario Piozzi, which forced Johnson to move on from his previous lifestyle. After returning home and then travelling for a short period, Johnson received word that his friend and tenant Robert Levet, had died on 17, January 1782. Johnson was shocked by the death of Levet, who had resided at Johnson's London home since 1762. Shortly afterwards Johnson caught a cold which turned into bronchitis, lasting for several months, and his health was further complicated by "feeling forlorn and lonely" by Levet's death being accompanied by that of Johnson's friend Thomas Lawrence and his housekeeper Williams.

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Langton waited until 11:00 pm to tell the others, which led to John Hawkins' becoming pale and overcome with "an agony of mind", along with Seward and Hoole describing Johnson's death as "the most awful sight". Boswell remarked, "My feeling was just one large expanse of Stupor... I could not believe it. My imagination was not convinced." William Gerard Hamilton joined in and stated, "He has made a chasm, which not only nothing can fill up, but which ''nothing has a tendency to fill up''. -Johnson is dead.- Let us go to the next best: There is nobody; -''no man can be said to put you in mind of Johnson''."

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He was buried on 20 December 1784 at [[Westminster Abbey]] with an inscription that reads:

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He was buried on 20 December 1784 at [https://www.westminster-abbey.org/ Westminster Abbey] with an inscription that reads:

:Samuel Johnson, LL.D.

:''Obiit XIII die Decembris,''

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It is no wonder that his philosophical insistence that the [[language]] within literature must be examined became a prevailing mode of [[literary theory]] during the mid-20th century.

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There are many societies formed around and dedicated to the study and enjoyment of Samuel Johnson's life and works. On the bicentennial of Johnson's death in 1984, Oxford University held a week-long conference featuring 50 papers, and the Arts Council of Great Britain held an exhibit of "Johnsonian portraits and other memorabilia". The London ''The Times'' and ''[[Punch]]'' produced parodies of Johnson's style for the occasion. In 1999, the [[BBC Four]] television channel started the [[Samuel Johnson Prize]], an award for non-fiction.[~~http~~://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/books/features/samueljohnson/]

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There are many societies formed around and dedicated to the study and enjoyment of Samuel Johnson's life and works. On the bicentennial of Johnson's death in 1984, Oxford University held a week-long conference featuring 50 papers, and the Arts Council of Great Britain held an exhibit of "Johnsonian portraits and other memorabilia". The London ''The Times'' and ''[[Punch]]'' produced parodies of Johnson's style for the occasion. In 1999, the [[BBC Four]] television channel started the [[Samuel Johnson Prize]], an award for non-fiction.[https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/books/features/samueljohnson/]

==Major works==

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* Davis, Bertram (1961), "Introduction", in Davis, Bertram, The Life of Samuel Johnson, LL. D., New York: Macmillan Company, pp. vii–xxx, OCLC 739445 .

* DeMaria, Jr., Robert (1994), The Life of Samuel Johnson, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 1557866643 .

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* Fine, LG (May–June 2006), "Samuel Johnson's illnesses", J Nephrol 19 (Suppl 10): S110–4, PMID 16874722, ~~http~~://www.sin-italy.org/vecchiosito/jnonline/Vol19S10/110.html, retrieved on 27 August 2008 .

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* Fine, LG (May–June 2006), "Samuel Johnson's illnesses", J Nephrol 19 (Suppl 10): S110–4, PMID 16874722, https://www.sin-italy.org/vecchiosito/jnonline/Vol19S10/110.html, retrieved on 27 August 2008 .

* Greene, Donald (1989), Samuel Johnson: Updated Edition, Boston: Twayne Publishers, ISBN 0805769625 .

* Greene, Donald (2000), "Introduction", in Greene, Donald, Political Writings, Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, ISBN 0865972753 .

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* Martin, Peter (2008), Samuel Johnson:A Biography, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press, ISBN 9780674031609

* McHenry, LC Jr (April 1967), "Samuel Johnson's tics and gesticulations", Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 22 (2): 152–68, PMID 5341871

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* Murray, TJ (16 June 1979) (PDF), "Dr Samuel Johnson's Movement Disorder" (PDF), British Medical Journal 1 (6178): 1610–14, PMID 380753, ~~http~~://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1599158&blobtype=pdf, retrieved on 10 July 2008 .

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* Murray, TJ (16 June 1979) (PDF), "Dr Samuel Johnson's Movement Disorder" (PDF), British Medical Journal 1 (6178): 1610–14, PMID 380753, https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1599158&blobtype=pdf, retrieved on 10 July 2008 .

* Murray, TJ (July–August 2003), "Samuel Johnson: his ills, his pills and his physician friends", Clin Med 3 (4): 368–72, PMID 12938754 .

* Needham, John (1982), The Completest Mode, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 0852243871 .

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* Pearce, JMS (July 1994) (PDF), "Doctor Samuel Johnson: 'the Great Convulsionary' a Victim of Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome" (PDF), Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 87: 396–399, PMID 8046726, ~~http~~://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1294650&blobtype=pdf, retrieved on 24 July 2008 .

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* Pearce, JMS (July 1994) (PDF), "Doctor Samuel Johnson: 'the Great Convulsionary' a Victim of Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome" (PDF), Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 87: 396–399, PMID 8046726, https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1294650&blobtype=pdf, retrieved on 24 July 2008 .

* Piozzi, Hester (1951), Balderson, Katharine, ed., Thraliana: The Diary of Mrs. Hester Lynch Thrale (Later Mrs. Piozzi) 1776-1809, Oxford: Clarendon, OCLC 359617 .

* Pittock, Murray (2004), "Johnson, Boswell, and their circle", in Keymer, Thomas; Mee, Jon, The Cambridge companion to English literature from 1740 to 1830, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 157–172, ISBN 0521007577 .

* Rogers, Pat (1995), Johnson and Boswell: The Transit of Caledonia, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0198182597 .

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* Sacks, Oliver (19–26 December 1992) (PDF), "Tourette's Syndrome and Creativity: Exploiting the Ticcy Witticisms and Witty Ticcicisms" (PDF), British Medical Journal 305 (6868): 1515–16, PMID 1286364, ~~http~~://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1884721&blobtype=pdf, retrieved on 24 July 2008, "... the case for Samuel Johnson having the syndrome, though [...] circumstantial, is extremely strong and, to my mind, entirely convincing" .

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* Sacks, Oliver (19–26 December 1992) (PDF), "Tourette's Syndrome and Creativity: Exploiting the Ticcy Witticisms and Witty Ticcicisms" (PDF), British Medical Journal 305 (6868): 1515–16, PMID 1286364, https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1884721&blobtype=pdf, retrieved on 24 July 2008, "... the case for Samuel Johnson having the syndrome, though [...] circumstantial, is extremely strong and, to my mind, entirely convincing" .

* Shapiro, Arthur K (1978), Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, New York: Raven Press, ISBN 0890040575 .

* Skargon, Yvonne (1999), The Importance of Being Oscar: Lily and Hodge and Dr. Johnson, London: Primrose Academy, OCLC 56542613 .

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==External links==

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* ''[~~http~~://www.gutenberg.net/etext/1564 Life Of Johnson]'' by [[James Boswell]], abridged by Charles Grosvenor Osgood in 1917 "... omitt[ing] most of Boswell's criticisms, comments and notes, all of Johnson's opinions in legal cases, most of the letters, ..." ([[Project Gutenberg]])

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* ''[https://www.gutenberg.net/etext/1564 Life Of Johnson]'' by [[James Boswell]], abridged by Charles Grosvenor Osgood in 1917 "... omitt[ing] most of Boswell's criticisms, comments and notes, all of Johnson's opinions in legal cases, most of the letters, ..." ([[Project Gutenberg]])

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* [~~http~~://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Johnson/ Samuel Johnson Page,] links collected by Rutgers scholar Jack Lynch.

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* [https://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Johnson/ Samuel Johnson Page,] links collected by Rutgers scholar Jack Lynch.

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* [~~http~~://www.samueljohnsonproject.com The Samuel Johnson Project] and sculpture initiative in Lichfield.

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* [https://www.samueljohnsonproject.com The Samuel Johnson Project] and sculpture initiative in Lichfield.

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* [~~http~~://www.samueljohnson.com The Samuel Johnson Sound Bite Page,] comprehensive collection of Samuel Johnson quotations

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* [https://www.samueljohnson.com The Samuel Johnson Sound Bite Page,] comprehensive collection of Samuel Johnson quotations

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* [~~http~~://www.drjohnsonshouse.org/history.htm The History Page at Dr. Johnson's House, London]

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* [https://www.drjohnsonshouse.org/history.htm The History Page at Dr. Johnson's House, London]

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