Changes

==Etymology==

==Etymology==

The word 'Satan', and the Arabic ''شيطان'' "shaitan", may derive from a Northwest Semitic root ''śṭn'', meaning "to be hostile", "to accuse.[http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/S301.html] An alternative explanation is provided by the Hebrew in |Job|1:7. When [[God]] asks him whence he has come, Satan answers: "From wandering (''mi'ŝuṭ'') the earth and walking on it" (מִשּׁוּט בָּאָרֶץ, וּמֵהִתְהַלֵּךְ בָּה). The root ''ŝuṭ'' signifies wandering on foot or sailing. 'Satan' would thus be "the Wanderer".

The word 'Satan', and the Arabic ''شيطان'' "shaitan", may derive from a Northwest Semitic root ''śṭn'', meaning "to be hostile", "to accuse.[https://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/S301.html] An alternative explanation is provided by the Hebrew in |Job|1:7. When [[God]] asks him whence he has come, Satan answers: "From wandering (''mi'ŝuṭ'') the earth and walking on it" (מִשּׁוּט בָּאָרֶץ, וּמֵהִתְהַלֵּךְ בָּה). The root ''ŝuṭ'' signifies wandering on foot or sailing. 'Satan' would thus be "the Wanderer".

'Satan' is שָׂטָן ''Satan'' in Standard Hebrew, ''Śāṭān'' in Tiberian Hebrew, סטנא ''Sāṭānā'' in Aramaic,  Σατανάς ''Satanás'' in Koine Greek, شيطان ''Šeytân'' in Persian, شيطان ''Šayṭān'' in Arabic,'Sāyṭān'' in Ge'ez, ''Şeytan'' in Turkish, and شيطان  ''Shāitān'' in Urdu.

'Satan' is שָׂטָן ''Satan'' in Standard Hebrew, ''Śāṭān'' in Tiberian Hebrew, סטנא ''Sāṭānā'' in Aramaic,  Σατανάς ''Satanás'' in Koine Greek, شيطان ''Šeytân'' in Persian, شيطان ''Šayṭān'' in Arabic,'Sāyṭān'' in Ge'ez, ''Şeytan'' in Turkish, and شيطان  ''Shāitān'' in Urdu.

:Yet it is also evident from the prologue that Satan has no power of independent action, but requires the permission of God, which he may not transgress. He cannot be regarded, therefore, as an opponent of the Deity; and the doctrine of monotheism is disturbed by his existence no more than by the presence of other beings before the face of God. This view is also retained in Zech. 3:1-2, where Satan is described as the adversary of the high priest [[Joshua]], and of the people of God whose representative the hierarch is; and he there opposes the 'angel of the Lord' who bids him be silent in the name of God.

:Yet it is also evident from the prologue that Satan has no power of independent action, but requires the permission of God, which he may not transgress. He cannot be regarded, therefore, as an opponent of the Deity; and the doctrine of monotheism is disturbed by his existence no more than by the presence of other beings before the face of God. This view is also retained in Zech. 3:1-2, where Satan is described as the adversary of the high priest [[Joshua]], and of the people of God whose representative the hierarch is; and he there opposes the 'angel of the Lord' who bids him be silent in the name of God.

:In both of these passages Satan acts only under permission; but in I Chron. 21:1 he appears as one who is able to provoke [[David]] to destroy Israel. The Chronicler (third century B.C.) regards Satan as an independent agent, a view which is the more striking since the source whence he drew his account (II Sam. 24:1) speaks of God Himself as the one who moved David against the children of [[Israel]]. Since the older conception refers all events, whether good or bad, to God alone, (I Sam. 16:14; I Kings 22:22; Isa. 45:7; etc) it is possible that the Chronicler, and perhaps even [[Zechariah]], were influenced by [[Zoroastrianism]], even though in the case of the prophet Jewish [[monism]] strongly opposed [[Iran]]ian [[dualism]]. [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=270&letter=S|title=Jewish Encyclopaedia]

:In both of these passages Satan acts only under permission; but in I Chron. 21:1 he appears as one who is able to provoke [[David]] to destroy Israel. The Chronicler (third century B.C.) regards Satan as an independent agent, a view which is the more striking since the source whence he drew his account (II Sam. 24:1) speaks of God Himself as the one who moved David against the children of [[Israel]]. Since the older conception refers all events, whether good or bad, to God alone, (I Sam. 16:14; I Kings 22:22; Isa. 45:7; etc) it is possible that the Chronicler, and perhaps even [[Zechariah]], were influenced by [[Zoroastrianism]], even though in the case of the prophet Jewish [[monism]] strongly opposed [[Iran]]ian [[dualism]]. [https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=270&letter=S|title=Jewish Encyclopaedia]

===In the Talmud and other Rabbinic Sources===

===In the Talmud and other Rabbinic Sources===

==In Christianity==

==In Christianity==

In Christianity, terms that are synonymous with 'Satan' include:

In Christianity, terms that are synonymous with 'Satan' include:

* The most common English synonym for 'Satan' is 'Devil', which descends from [[Middle English]] ''devel'', from [[Old English]] ''dēofol'', that in turn represents an early Germanic borrowing of Latin ''diabolus'' (also the source of 'diabolical'). This in turn was borrowed from Greek ''diabolos'' "slanderer," from ''diaballein'' "to slander": ''dia-'' "across, through" + ''ballein'' "to hurl."[http://www.bartleby.com/61/94/D0179400.html] In the [[New Testament]], 'Satan' occurs more than thirty times in passages alongside ''Diabolos'' (Greek for "the devil"), referring to the same person or thing as Satan.

* The most common English synonym for 'Satan' is 'Devil', which descends from [[Middle English]] ''devel'', from [[Old English]] ''dēofol'', that in turn represents an early Germanic borrowing of Latin ''diabolus'' (also the source of 'diabolical'). This in turn was borrowed from Greek ''diabolos'' "slanderer," from ''diaballein'' "to slander": ''dia-'' "across, through" + ''ballein'' "to hurl."[https://www.bartleby.com/61/94/D0179400.html] In the [[New Testament]], 'Satan' occurs more than thirty times in passages alongside ''Diabolos'' (Greek for "the devil"), referring to the same person or thing as Satan.

* [[Lucifer]] is sometimes used in Christian theology to refer to Satan, as a result of identifying the fallen "son of the dawn" of Isaiah 14:12 with the "accuser" of other passages in the Old Testament.

* [[Lucifer]] is sometimes used in Christian theology to refer to Satan, as a result of identifying the fallen "son of the dawn" of Isaiah 14:12 with the "accuser" of other passages in the Old Testament.

* [[Beelzebub]] is originally the name of a [[Philistine]] god (more specifically a certain type of [[Baal]], from ''Ba‘al Zebûb'', lit. "Lord of Flies") but is also used in the New Testament as a synonym for Satan. A corrupted version, "Belzeboub," appears in [[The Divine Comedy]].

* [[Beelzebub]] is originally the name of a [[Philistine]] god (more specifically a certain type of [[Baal]], from ''Ba‘al Zebûb'', lit. "Lord of Flies") but is also used in the New Testament as a synonym for Satan. A corrupted version, "Belzeboub," appears in [[The Divine Comedy]].

''Shaitan'' (شيطان) is the equivalent of Satan in [[Islam]].

''Shaitan'' (شيطان) is the equivalent of Satan in [[Islam]].

While Shaitan (شيطان, from the root šṭn شطن) is an adjective (meaning "astray" or "distant", sometimes translated as "devil") that can be applied to both [[man]] ("al-ins", الإنس) and [[Genie|Jinn]], [[Iblis]] (pronounced|ˈibliːs) is the personal name of the Devil who is mentioned in the [[Koran|Qur'an]]ic account of [[Genesis]].[http://www.themystica.org/mystica/articles/i/iblis.html Iblis]

While Shaitan (شيطان, from the root šṭn شطن) is an adjective (meaning "astray" or "distant", sometimes translated as "devil") that can be applied to both [[man]] ("al-ins", الإنس) and [[Genie|Jinn]], [[Iblis]] (pronounced|ˈibliːs) is the personal name of the Devil who is mentioned in the [[Koran|Qur'an]]ic account of [[Genesis]].[https://www.themystica.org/mystica/articles/i/iblis.html Iblis]

Whenever the Qur'an refers to the creature who refused to prostrate before [[Adam and Eve|Adam]] at the time of the latter's creation, it refers to him as [[Iblis]]. The Islamic view of Iblis has both similarities and differences with Christian and Jewish views. The [[character]] of Satan is generally similar to the one presented in Judeo-Christian [[belief|thought]]. However, according to Islamic belief, Satan is not considered to be a 'fallen' angel, but a [[Genie|jinn]] who was among the ranks of angels due to his [[wisdom]] and piety; in Islamic belief, angels always follow God's commands, but jinns (like humans) have [[free will]], which explains why Satan was able to rebel against God's command of bowing to Adam.

Whenever the Qur'an refers to the creature who refused to prostrate before [[Adam and Eve|Adam]] at the time of the latter's creation, it refers to him as [[Iblis]]. The Islamic view of Iblis has both similarities and differences with Christian and Jewish views. The [[character]] of Satan is generally similar to the one presented in Judeo-Christian [[belief|thought]]. However, according to Islamic belief, Satan is not considered to be a 'fallen' angel, but a [[Genie|jinn]] who was among the ranks of angels due to his [[wisdom]] and piety; in Islamic belief, angels always follow God's commands, but jinns (like humans) have [[free will]], which explains why Satan was able to rebel against God's command of bowing to Adam.

===Yazidism===

===Yazidism===

An alternate name for the main deity in the tentatively Indo-European pantheon of the [[Yazidi]], Malek Taus, is Shaitan.[http://www.avesta.org/yezidi/peacock.htm]</ref>

An alternate name for the main deity in the tentatively Indo-European pantheon of the [[Yazidi]], Malek Taus, is Shaitan.[https://www.avesta.org/yezidi/peacock.htm]</ref>

===In the Bahá'í Faith===

===In the Bahá'í Faith===

In the [[Bahá'í Faith]], 'Satan' is not regarded as an independent evil power as he is in some faiths, but signifies the "base nature" of humans. [[`Abdu'l-Bahá]] explains: "This lower nature in man is symbolized as Satan -- the evil ego within us, not an evil personality outside." [http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/PUP/pup-96.html]

In the [[Bahá'í Faith]], 'Satan' is not regarded as an independent evil power as he is in some faiths, but signifies the "base nature" of humans. [[`Abdu'l-Bahá]] explains: "This lower nature in man is symbolized as Satan -- the evil ego within us, not an evil personality outside." [https://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/PUP/pup-96.html]

==Images of Satan==

==Images of Satan==

In the course of this inspection Satan informed [[Caligastia]] of [[Lucifer]]'s then proposed "Declaration of Liberty," and as we now know, the Prince agreed to betray the planet upon the announcement of the [[Lucifer Rebellion|rebellion]]. The loyal universe personalities look with peculiar disdain upon Prince Caligastia because of this premeditated betrayal of trust. The [[Creator Son]] voiced this contempt when he said: "You are like your leader, [[Lucifer]], and you have sinfully perpetuated his iniquity. He was a falsifier from the beginning of his self-exaltation because he abode not in the [[truth]]."

In the course of this inspection Satan informed [[Caligastia]] of [[Lucifer]]'s then proposed "Declaration of Liberty," and as we now know, the Prince agreed to betray the planet upon the announcement of the [[Lucifer Rebellion|rebellion]]. The loyal universe personalities look with peculiar disdain upon Prince Caligastia because of this premeditated betrayal of trust. The [[Creator Son]] voiced this contempt when he said: "You are like your leader, [[Lucifer]], and you have sinfully perpetuated his iniquity. He was a falsifier from the beginning of his self-exaltation because he abode not in the [[truth]]."

Shortly after Satan's inspection and when the planetary administration was on the eve of the realization of great [[things]] on [[Urantia]], one day, midwinter of the northern continents, Caligastia held a prolonged conference with his associate, Daligastia, after which the latter called the ten councils of Urantia in session extraordinary. This assembly was opened with the statement that Prince Caligastia was about to proclaim himself absolute sovereign of [[Urantia]] and demanded that all administrative groups abdicate by resigning all of their functions and powers into the hands of Daligastia as trustee, pending the reorganization of the planetary government and the subsequent redistribution of these offices of administrative authority."[http://urantia.org/cgi-bin/webglimpse/mfs/usr/local/www/data/papers?link=http://mercy.urantia.org/papers/paper67.html&file=/usr/local/www/data/papers/paper67.html&line=31#mfs]

Shortly after Satan's inspection and when the planetary administration was on the eve of the realization of great [[things]] on [[Urantia]], one day, midwinter of the northern continents, Caligastia held a prolonged conference with his associate, Daligastia, after which the latter called the ten councils of Urantia in session extraordinary. This assembly was opened with the statement that Prince Caligastia was about to proclaim himself absolute sovereign of [[Urantia]] and demanded that all administrative groups abdicate by resigning all of their functions and powers into the hands of Daligastia as trustee, pending the reorganization of the planetary government and the subsequent redistribution of these offices of administrative authority."[https://urantia.org/cgi-bin/webglimpse/mfs/usr/local/www/data/papers?link=https://mercy.urantia.org/papers/paper67.html&file=/usr/local/www/data/papers/paper67.html&line=31#mfs]

==References==

==References==

===Notes===

===Notes===

#"American Heritage Dictionary: Semitic roots: sn". http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/S301.html. Retrieved on 2006-05-31.  

#"American Heritage Dictionary: Semitic roots: sn". https://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/S301.html. Retrieved on 2006-05-31.  

# "But by the envy of the devil, death came into the world" - Book of Wisdom II. 24

# "But by the envy of the devil, death came into the world" - Book of Wisdom II. 24

#2 Enoch 18:3

#2 Enoch 18:3

#Book of Jubilees, xvii. 18

#Book of Jubilees, xvii. 18

#The Dictionary of Angels" by Gustav Davidson, © 1967

#The Dictionary of Angels" by Gustav Davidson, © 1967

#"Jewish Encyclopaedia". http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=270&letter=S.  

#"Jewish Encyclopaedia". https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=270&letter=S.  

# "American Heritage Dictionary: Devil". http://www.bartleby.com/61/94/D0179400.html. Retrieved on 2006-05-31.  

# "American Heritage Dictionary: Devil". https://www.bartleby.com/61/94/D0179400.html. Retrieved on 2006-05-31.  

# Revelation 12:9

# Revelation 12:9

#2 Corinthians 2:2

#2 Corinthians 2:2

#"Do you Believe in a Devil? He is a saint.". http://www.christadelphia.org/pamphlet/devil.htm. Retrieved on 2007-05-29.  

#"Do you Believe in a Devil? He is a saint.". https://www.christadelphia.org/pamphlet/devil.htm. Retrieved on 2007-05-29.  

#Iblis

#Iblis

# Qur'an 17:61; Qur'an 2:34

# Qur'an 17:61; Qur'an 2:34

==External links==

==External links==

* [http://www.churchofsatan.com/ Church Of Satan]

* [https://www.churchofsatan.com/ Church Of Satan]

* [http://www.thebaptist.org/Lucifer.htm Lucifer - Know His Devices] a Baptist Christian perspective

* [https://www.thebaptist.org/Lucifer.htm Lucifer - Know His Devices] a Baptist Christian perspective

* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04764a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia]

* [https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04764a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia]

* [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=270&letter=S&search=Satan Jewish Encyclopedia]

* [https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=270&letter=S&search=Satan Jewish Encyclopedia]

* [http://www.secweb.org/index.aspx?action=viewAsset&id=310 Internet Infidels - The Implausibility of Satan] by Paul Doland

* [https://www.secweb.org/index.aspx?action=viewAsset&id=310 Internet Infidels - The Implausibility of Satan] by Paul Doland

* [http://www.sacred-texts.org Sacred Texts site] hosts texts--scriptures, literature and scholarly works--on Satan, Satanism and related religious matters

* [https://www.sacred-texts.org Sacred Texts site] hosts texts--scriptures, literature and scholarly works--on Satan, Satanism and related religious matters

* [http://knol.google.com/k/lev-regelson/satan-and-antichrist/1i7aar4mqflvt/8#.htm Bible Texts about Satan a. Antichrist]

* [https://knol.google.com/k/lev-regelson/satan-and-antichrist/1i7aar4mqflvt/8#.htm Bible Texts about Satan a. Antichrist]

[[Category: General Reference]]

[[Category: General Reference]]

[[Category: Mythology]]

[[Category: Mythology]]

[[Category: Religion]]

[[Category: Religion]]