Changes

'''Science''' (from the [[Latin]] ''scientia'', '[[knowledge]]' is a system of acquiring knowledge based on the [[scientific method]], as well as the organized body of [[knowledge]] gained through such [[research]].[http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=science "science" defined by various dictionaries at "reference.com"]. Science as defined here is sometimes termed [[pure science]] to differentiate it from [[applied science]], which is the application of scientific research to specific human needs.

 

'''Science''' (from the [[Latin]] ''scientia'', '[[knowledge]]' is a system of acquiring knowledge based on the [[scientific method]], as well as the organized body of [[knowledge]] gained through such [[research]].[https://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=science "science" defined by various dictionaries at "reference.com"]. Science as defined here is sometimes termed [[pure science]] to differentiate it from [[applied science]], which is the application of scientific research to specific human needs.

Fields of science are commonly classified along two major lines:  

Fields of science are commonly classified along two major lines:  

== Etymology ==

== Etymology ==

The word '''science''' comes through the [[Old French]], and is derived from the [[Latin]] word {{lang|la|''scientia''}} for [[knowledge]], which in turn comes from {{lang|la|''scio''}}. 'I know'. The [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] root means to discern or to separate, akin to [[Sanskrit]] {{transl|sa|''chyati''}}, he cuts off, [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{transl|grc|''schizein''}}, to split, Latin {{lang|la|''scindere''}}, to split.[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=science&searchmode=none Etymology of "science" at Etymology Online]. From the [[Middle Ages]] to the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]], ''science'' or ''scientia'' meant any systematic recorded knowledge. The Natures of Science, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, New York, ISBN 0838633218 ''Science'' therefore had the same sort of very broad meaning that ''[[philosophy]]'' had at that time. In other languages, including French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian, the word corresponding to ''science'' also carries this meaning.

The word '''science''' comes through the [[Old French]], and is derived from the [[Latin]] word {{lang|la|''scientia''}} for [[knowledge]], which in turn comes from {{lang|la|''scio''}}. 'I know'. The [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] root means to discern or to separate, akin to [[Sanskrit]] {{transl|sa|''chyati''}}, he cuts off, [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{transl|grc|''schizein''}}, to split, Latin {{lang|la|''scindere''}}, to split.[https://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=science&searchmode=none Etymology of "science" at Etymology Online]. From the [[Middle Ages]] to the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]], ''science'' or ''scientia'' meant any systematic recorded knowledge. The Natures of Science, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, New York, ISBN 0838633218 ''Science'' therefore had the same sort of very broad meaning that ''[[philosophy]]'' had at that time. In other languages, including French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian, the word corresponding to ''science'' also carries this meaning.

From classical times until the advent of the modern era, "philosophy" was roughly divided into [[natural philosophy]] and [[moral philosophy]]. In the 1800s, the term ''natural philosophy'' gradually gave way to the term ''[[natural science]]''. Natural science was gradually specialized to its current domain, which typically includes the [[physical science]]s and [[biological science]]s. The [[social sciences]], inheriting portions of the realm of moral philosophy, are currently also included under the auspices of science to the extent that these disciplines use [[empirical method]]s. As currently understood, [[moral philosophy]] still retains the study of [[ethics]], regarded as a branch of philosophy.

From classical times until the advent of the modern era, "philosophy" was roughly divided into [[natural philosophy]] and [[moral philosophy]]. In the 1800s, the term ''natural philosophy'' gradually gave way to the term ''[[natural science]]''. Natural science was gradually specialized to its current domain, which typically includes the [[physical science]]s and [[biological science]]s. The [[social sciences]], inheriting portions of the realm of moral philosophy, are currently also included under the auspices of science to the extent that these disciplines use [[empirical method]]s. As currently understood, [[moral philosophy]] still retains the study of [[ethics]], regarded as a branch of philosophy.

Today, the primary meaning of "science" is generally limited to [[empirical]] study involving use of the scientific method.<ref>See, e.g. [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/science]. The first usage, which is fairly representative of standard dictionaries today, describes science as: "'''a.''' The observation, identification, description, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of phenomena. '''b.''' Such activities restricted to a class of natural phenomena.  '''c.''' Such activities applied to an object of inquiry or study." From the American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright ©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2003

Today, the primary meaning of "science" is generally limited to [[empirical]] study involving use of the scientific method.<ref>See, e.g. [https://www.thefreedictionary.com/science]. The first usage, which is fairly representative of standard dictionaries today, describes science as: "'''a.''' The observation, identification, description, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of phenomena. '''b.''' Such activities restricted to a class of natural phenomena.  '''c.''' Such activities applied to an object of inquiry or study." From the American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright ©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2003

==Scientific method==

==Scientific method==

Science is broadly subdivided into the categories of [[natural science]]s and the [[social science]]s. There are also related disciplines that are grouped into interdisciplinary and applied sciences, such as [[engineering]] and [[health science]]. Within these categories are specialized scientific fields that can include elements of other scientific disciplines but often possess their own terminology and body of expertise.

Science is broadly subdivided into the categories of [[natural science]]s and the [[social science]]s. There are also related disciplines that are grouped into interdisciplinary and applied sciences, such as [[engineering]] and [[health science]]. Within these categories are specialized scientific fields that can include elements of other scientific disciplines but often possess their own terminology and body of expertise.

The status of social sciences as an empirical science has been a matter of debate in the 20th century, see [[Positivism dispute]].<ref>Critical examination of various positions on this issue can be found in [[Karl R. Popper]]'s ''The Poverty of Historicism''.</ref> Discussion and debate abound in this topic with some fields like the social and behavioural sciences accused by critics of being unscientific. In fact, many groups of people from academicians like Nobel Prize physicist [[Percy W. Bridgman]],[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998RPPh...61...77K]

The status of social sciences as an empirical science has been a matter of debate in the 20th century, see [[Positivism dispute]].<ref>Critical examination of various positions on this issue can be found in [[Karl R. Popper]]'s ''The Poverty of Historicism''.</ref> Discussion and debate abound in this topic with some fields like the social and behavioural sciences accused by critics of being unscientific. In fact, many groups of people from academicians like Nobel Prize physicist [[Percy W. Bridgman]],[https://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998RPPh...61...77K]

or Dick Richardson, Ph.D.—Professor of Integrative Biology at the [[University of Texas at Austin]],[http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/resource/onlinetext/Definitions/economicsNOTscience.htm]

or Dick Richardson, Ph.D.—Professor of Integrative Biology at the [[University of Texas at Austin]],[https://www.sbs.utexas.edu/resource/onlinetext/Definitions/economicsNOTscience.htm]

(Economics is NOT Natural Science! (It is technology of Social Science.)

(Economics is NOT Natural Science! (It is technology of Social Science.)

The University of Texas at Austin [http://www.asanet.org/page.ww?section=Advocacy&name=Social+Sciences+Under+Attack]

The University of Texas at Austin [https://www.asanet.org/page.ww?section=Advocacy&name=Social+Sciences+Under+Attack]

Behavioral and Social Science Are Under Attack in the Senate, American Sociological Association

Behavioral and Social Science Are Under Attack in the Senate, American Sociological Association

oppose giving their support or agreeing with the use of the label "science" in some fields of study and knowledge they consider non-scientific or scientifically irrelevant compared with other fields.

oppose giving their support or agreeing with the use of the label "science" in some fields of study and knowledge they consider non-scientific or scientifically irrelevant compared with other fields.

* [[Scientific skepticism]] (cf. [[Pseudoskepticism]])

* [[Scientific skepticism]] (cf. [[Pseudoskepticism]])

!History

History

 

* [[History of science and technology]]

* [[History of science and technology]]

* [[Historiography of science]]

* [[Historiography of science]]

* [[Technology]] (result of science)

* [[Technology]] (result of science)

* [[Science and technology]]

* [[Science and technology]]

==References==

==References==

==Further reading==

==Further reading==

* [http://lipas.uwasa.fi/~ts/popsci.html A Book List of Popularized Natural and Behavioral Sciences]

* [https://lipas.uwasa.fi/~ts/popsci.html A Book List of Popularized Natural and Behavioral Sciences]

* Baxter, Charles {{PDFlink|[http://www.adihome.org/phpshop/pdf/articles/DIN_02_01_10.pdf "Myth versus science in educational systems"]  

* Baxter, Charles {{PDFlink|[https://www.adihome.org/phpshop/pdf/articles/DIN_02_01_10.pdf "Myth versus science in educational systems"]  

* "''[http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-57 Classification of the Sciences]''". Dictionary of the History of Ideas.  

* "''[https://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-57 Classification of the Sciences]''". Dictionary of the History of Ideas.  

* Cole, K. C., "''Things your teacher never told you about science (Nine shocking revelations!); Maybe you think that science is devoted to gathering and cataloging facts, and that scientists are a dull, dreary lot who don't know how to have fun. Maybe you should think again.''". [[Newsday]], [[Long Island, New York]], March 23, 1986, pg 21+

* Cole, K. C., "''Things your teacher never told you about science (Nine shocking revelations!); Maybe you think that science is devoted to gathering and cataloging facts, and that scientists are a dull, dreary lot who don't know how to have fun. Maybe you should think again.''". [[Newsday]], [[Long Island, New York]], March 23, 1986, pg 21+

*Krige, John, and Dominique Pestre, eds., ''Science in the Twentieth Century'', Routledge 2003, ISBN 0-415-28606-9

*Krige, John, and Dominique Pestre, eds., ''Science in the Twentieth Century'', Routledge 2003, ISBN 0-415-28606-9

* MacComas, William F. PDF link [http://earthweb.ess.washington.edu/roe/Knowability_590/Week2/Myths%20of%20Science.pdf "The principal elements of the nature of science: Dispelling the myths"] Rossier School of Education, University of Southern California. Direct Instruction News. '''Spring 2002''' 24–30.

* MacComas, William F. PDF link [https://earthweb.ess.washington.edu/roe/Knowability_590/Week2/Myths%20of%20Science.pdf "The principal elements of the nature of science: Dispelling the myths"] Rossier School of Education, University of Southern California. Direct Instruction News. '''Spring 2002''' 24–30.

* [http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/nature/index.shtml "Nature of Science"] University of California Museum of Paleontology

* [https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/nature/index.shtml "Nature of Science"] University of California Museum of Paleontology

==External links==

==External links==

* PDFlink|[http://www.lms.ac.uk/policy/2003/Mathsescience03.pdf Math and e-Science]

* PDF link [https://www.lms.ac.uk/policy/2003/Mathsescience03.pdf Math and e-Science]

* http://www.newscientist.com/

* https://www.newscientist.com/

* http://www.sciam.com/

* https://www.sciam.com/

'''Textbooks''':

'''Textbooks''':

* "''[http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/GCSE_Science GSCE Science textbook]''". [[Wikibooks]].org

* "''[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/GCSE_Science GSCE Science textbook]''". [[Wikibooks]].org

* [[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=books Bookshelf]

* [[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=books Bookshelf]

'''News''':

'''News''':

* [http://www.brightsurf.com Brightsurf] Science News and Current Science Events

* [https://www.brightsurf.com Brightsurf] Science News and Current Science Events

* [http://www.newscientist.com Current Events]. [[New Scientist]] Magazine, Reed Business Information, Ltd.

* [https://www.newscientist.com Current Events]. [[New Scientist]] Magazine, Reed Business Information, Ltd.

* [http://www.sciencedaily.com ScienceDaily]

* [https://www.sciencedaily.com ScienceDaily]

'''Resources''':

'''Resources''':

* [http://www.vega.org.uk/ The Vega Science Trust] Hours of science video including scientific lectures (Feynman, Kroto, Davis, etc.), discussions (nanotechnology, GM, stem cells, etc.), career programmes, interviews with Nobel Laureates, and school resources.

* [https://www.vega.org.uk/ The Vega Science Trust] Hours of science video including scientific lectures (Feynman, Kroto, Davis, etc.), discussions (nanotechnology, GM, stem cells, etc.), career programmes, interviews with Nobel Laureates, and school resources.

* [http://www.science.gov United States Science Initiative]. Selected science information provided by U.S. Government agencies, including research and development results.

* [https://www.science.gov United States Science Initiative]. Selected science information provided by U.S. Government agencies, including research and development results.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences]

[[Category: General Reference]]

[[Category: General Reference]]