Changes

Most [[anthropologists]] believe that the use of tools was an important step in the [[evolution]] of [[mankind]].[5] Humans evolved an opposable thumb — useful in holding tools — and increased dramatically in [[intelligence]], which aided in the use of tools.[6]

Most [[anthropologists]] believe that the use of tools was an important step in the [[evolution]] of [[mankind]].[5] Humans evolved an opposable thumb — useful in holding tools — and increased dramatically in [[intelligence]], which aided in the use of tools.[6]

==History==

==History==

Because tools are used extensively by both [[humans]] and [[animals]], it is widely assumed that the first routine use of tools took place prior to the divergence between the two species.[7] These early tools, however, were likely made of perishable [[materials]] such as sticks, or consisted of unmodified stones that cannot be distinguished from other stones as tools. The beginning of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Age Stone Age] marks the era when hominins first began manufacturing stone tools, and evidence of these tools dates back at least 2.6 million years in Ethiopia.[8] The transition from stone to metal tools roughly coincided with the development of [[agriculture]] around the 4th millennium BC.

Because tools are used extensively by both [[humans]] and [[animals]], it is widely assumed that the first routine use of tools took place prior to the divergence between the two species.[7] These early tools, however, were likely made of perishable [[materials]] such as sticks, or consisted of unmodified stones that cannot be distinguished from other stones as tools. The beginning of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Age Stone Age] marks the era when hominins first began manufacturing stone tools, and evidence of these tools dates back at least 2.6 million years in Ethiopia.[8] The transition from stone to metal tools roughly coincided with the development of [[agriculture]] around the 4th millennium BC.

[[Mechanical]] devices [[experience]]d a major expansion in their use in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages Middle Ages] with the systematic employment of new [[energy]] sources: water (waterwheels) and wind (windmills).

[[Mechanical]] devices [[experience]]d a major expansion in their use in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages Middle Ages] with the systematic employment of new [[energy]] sources: water (waterwheels) and wind (windmills).

[[Machine]] tools occasioned a surge in producing new tools in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution industrial revolution]. Advocates of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology nanotechnology] expect a similar surge as tools become microscopic in size.[9][10]

[[Machine]] tools occasioned a surge in producing new tools in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution industrial revolution]. Advocates of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology nanotechnology] expect a similar surge as tools become microscopic in size.[9][10]

==Notes==

==Notes==

# [http://users.ox.ac.uk/~kgroup/diameter_select.pdf Selection of tool diameter by New Caledonian crows Corvus moneduloides], Jackie Chappell and Alex Kacelnik November 29, 2003

# [https://users.ox.ac.uk/~kgroup/diameter_select.pdf Selection of tool diameter by New Caledonian crows Corvus moneduloides], Jackie Chappell and Alex Kacelnik November 29, 2003

# [http://williamcalvin.com/bk2/bk2ch3.htm The Throwing Madonna: Essays on the Brain], William H. Calvin

# [https://williamcalvin.com/bk2/bk2ch3.htm The Throwing Madonna: Essays on the Brain], William H. Calvin

# [http://www.pbs.org/saf/1504/resources/transcript.htm Scientific American Frontiers, Program#1504 "Chimp Minds]" transcript PBS.org Airdate Feb 9, 2005

# [https://www.pbs.org/saf/1504/resources/transcript.htm Scientific American Frontiers, Program#1504 "Chimp Minds]" transcript PBS.org Airdate Feb 9, 2005

# "[http://www.rollinghillswildlife.com/animals/c/chimpanzee/ Rolling Hills Wildlife Adventure: Chimpanzee]".

# "[https://www.rollinghillswildlife.com/animals/c/chimpanzee/ Rolling Hills Wildlife Adventure: Chimpanzee]".

# Sam Lilley, [http://books.google.com/books?id=Cj0EAAAAMAAJ&q=tools+history&dq=tools+history&pgis=1 Men, Machines and History: The Story of Tools and Machines in Relation to Social Progress], 1948 Cobbett Press.

# Sam Lilley, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Cj0EAAAAMAAJ&q=tools+history&dq=tools+history&pgis=1 Men, Machines and History: The Story of Tools and Machines in Relation to Social Progress], 1948 Cobbett Press.

# [http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookHumEvol.html Primates and Their Adaptations], 2001, M.J. Farabee. Retrieved on November 6, 2006.

# [https://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookHumEvol.html Primates and Their Adaptations], 2001, M.J. Farabee. Retrieved on November 6, 2006.

# Whiten, A., J. Goodall, W. C. McGrew, T. Nishida, V. Reynolds, Y. Sugiyama, C. E. G. Tutin, R. W. Wrangham, and C. Boesch. 1999. Cultures in Chimpanzees. Nature 399:682-685. Panger, M. A., A. S. Brooks, B. G. Richmond, and B. Wood. 2002. Older than the Oldowan? Rethinking the emergence of hominin tool use. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 11:235-245.

# Whiten, A., J. Goodall, W. C. McGrew, T. Nishida, V. Reynolds, Y. Sugiyama, C. E. G. Tutin, R. W. Wrangham, and C. Boesch. 1999. Cultures in Chimpanzees. Nature 399:682-685. Panger, M. A., A. S. Brooks, B. G. Richmond, and B. Wood. 2002. Older than the Oldowan? Rethinking the emergence of hominin tool use. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 11:235-245.

# Semaw, S., M. J. Rogers, J. Quade, P. R. Renne, R. F. Butler, M. Domínguez-Rodrigo, D. Stout, W. S. Hart, T. Pickering, and S. W. Simpson. 2003. 2.6-Million-year-old stone tools and associated bones from OGS-6 and OGS-7, Gona, Afar, Ethiopia. Journal of Human Evolution 45:169-177.

# Semaw, S., M. J. Rogers, J. Quade, P. R. Renne, R. F. Butler, M. Domínguez-Rodrigo, D. Stout, W. S. Hart, T. Pickering, and S. W. Simpson. 2003. 2.6-Million-year-old stone tools and associated bones from OGS-6 and OGS-7, Gona, Afar, Ethiopia. Journal of Human Evolution 45:169-177.

# [http://www.forbes.com/2004/01/28/cx_dw_0129pollnanotechmidas04_xyz.html Nanotechnology: Big Potential In Tiny Particles], David Whelan. Retrieved on November 6, 2006

# [https://www.forbes.com/2004/01/28/cx_dw_0129pollnanotechmidas04_xyz.html Nanotechnology: Big Potential In Tiny Particles], David Whelan. Retrieved on November 6, 2006

# [http://news.thomasnet.com/IMT/archives/2004/03/will_this_tiny.html?t=archive Will this Tiny Science Usher in the Next Industrial Revolution?], Katrina C. Arabe. Retrieved on November 6, 2006

# [https://news.thomasnet.com/IMT/archives/2004/03/will_this_tiny.html?t=archive Will this Tiny Science Usher in the Next Industrial Revolution?], Katrina C. Arabe. Retrieved on November 6, 2006

[[Category: General Reference]]

[[Category: General Reference]]