Changes

Tools that have evolved for use in particular domains can be given different assignations. For example, tools designed for domestic use are often called ''utensils''.

Tools that have evolved for use in particular domains can be given different assignations. For example, tools designed for domestic use are often called ''utensils''.

 

Observation has confirmed that that multiple species can use tools, including monkeys, apes, several birds, sea otters, and others. [[Philosophers]] [[original]]ly [[thought]] that only humans had the ability to make tools, until zoologists observed birds[1] and monkeys[2][3][4] making tools. Now humans' [[unique]] relationship to tools is considered to be that we are the only species that uses tools to make other tools.

Observation has confirmed that that multiple species can use tools, including monkeys, apes, several birds, sea otters, and others. [[Philosophers]] [[original]]ly [[thought]] that only humans had the ability to make tools, until zoologists observed birds[1] and monkeys[2][3][4] making tools. Now humans' [[unique]] relationship to tools is considered to be that we are the only species that uses tools to make other tools.

Most [[anthropologists]] believe that the use of tools was an important step in the [[evolution]] of [[mankind]].[5] Humans evolved an opposable thumb — useful in holding tools — and increased dramatically in [[intelligence]], which aided in the use of tools.[6]

Most [[anthropologists]] believe that the use of tools was an important step in the [[evolution]] of [[mankind]].[5] Humans evolved an opposable thumb — useful in holding tools — and increased dramatically in [[intelligence]], which aided in the use of tools.[6]

==History==

==History==

Because tools are used extensively by both [[humans]] and [[animals]], it is widely assumed that the first routine use of tools took place prior to the divergence between the two species.[7] These early tools, however, were likely made of perishable [[materials]] such as sticks, or consisted of unmodified stones that cannot be distinguished from other stones as tools. The beginning of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Age Stone Age] marks the era when hominins first began manufacturing stone tools, and evidence of these tools dates back at least 2.6 million years in Ethiopia.[8] The transition from stone to metal tools roughly coincided with the development of [[agriculture]] around the 4th millennium BC.

Because tools are used extensively by both [[humans]] and [[animals]], it is widely assumed that the first routine use of tools took place prior to the divergence between the two species.[7] These early tools, however, were likely made of perishable [[materials]] such as sticks, or consisted of unmodified stones that cannot be distinguished from other stones as tools. The beginning of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Age Stone Age] marks the era when hominins first began manufacturing stone tools, and evidence of these tools dates back at least 2.6 million years in Ethiopia.[8] The transition from stone to metal tools roughly coincided with the development of [[agriculture]] around the 4th millennium BC.

[[Mechanical]] devices [[experience]]d a major expansion in their use in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages Middle Ages] with the systematic employment of new [[energy]] sources: water (waterwheels) and wind (windmills).

[[Mechanical]] devices [[experience]]d a major expansion in their use in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages Middle Ages] with the systematic employment of new [[energy]] sources: water (waterwheels) and wind (windmills).

[[Machine]] tools occasioned a surge in producing new tools in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution industrial revolution]. Advocates of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology nanotechnology] expect a similar surge as tools become microscopic in size.[9][10]

[[Machine]] tools occasioned a surge in producing new tools in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution industrial revolution]. Advocates of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology nanotechnology] expect a similar surge as tools become microscopic in size.[9][10]

==Notes==

==Notes==

# [http://users.ox.ac.uk/~kgroup/diameter_select.pdf Selection of tool diameter by New Caledonian crows Corvus moneduloides], Jackie Chappell and Alex Kacelnik November 29, 2003

# [https://users.ox.ac.uk/~kgroup/diameter_select.pdf Selection of tool diameter by New Caledonian crows Corvus moneduloides], Jackie Chappell and Alex Kacelnik November 29, 2003

# [http://williamcalvin.com/bk2/bk2ch3.htm The Throwing Madonna: Essays on the Brain], William H. Calvin

# [https://williamcalvin.com/bk2/bk2ch3.htm The Throwing Madonna: Essays on the Brain], William H. Calvin

# [http://www.pbs.org/saf/1504/resources/transcript.htm Scientific American Frontiers, Program#1504 "Chimp Minds]" transcript PBS.org Airdate Feb 9, 2005

# [https://www.pbs.org/saf/1504/resources/transcript.htm Scientific American Frontiers, Program#1504 "Chimp Minds]" transcript PBS.org Airdate Feb 9, 2005

# "[http://www.rollinghillswildlife.com/animals/c/chimpanzee/ Rolling Hills Wildlife Adventure: Chimpanzee]".

# "[https://www.rollinghillswildlife.com/animals/c/chimpanzee/ Rolling Hills Wildlife Adventure: Chimpanzee]".

# Sam Lilley, [http://books.google.com/books?id=Cj0EAAAAMAAJ&q=tools+history&dq=tools+history&pgis=1 Men, Machines and History: The Story of Tools and Machines in Relation to Social Progress], 1948 Cobbett Press.

# Sam Lilley, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Cj0EAAAAMAAJ&q=tools+history&dq=tools+history&pgis=1 Men, Machines and History: The Story of Tools and Machines in Relation to Social Progress], 1948 Cobbett Press.

# [http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookHumEvol.html Primates and Their Adaptations], 2001, M.J. Farabee. Retrieved on November 6, 2006.

# [https://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookHumEvol.html Primates and Their Adaptations], 2001, M.J. Farabee. Retrieved on November 6, 2006.

# Whiten, A., J. Goodall, W. C. McGrew, T. Nishida, V. Reynolds, Y. Sugiyama, C. E. G. Tutin, R. W. Wrangham, and C. Boesch. 1999. Cultures in Chimpanzees. Nature 399:682-685. Panger, M. A., A. S. Brooks, B. G. Richmond, and B. Wood. 2002. Older than the Oldowan? Rethinking the emergence of hominin tool use. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 11:235-245.

# Whiten, A., J. Goodall, W. C. McGrew, T. Nishida, V. Reynolds, Y. Sugiyama, C. E. G. Tutin, R. W. Wrangham, and C. Boesch. 1999. Cultures in Chimpanzees. Nature 399:682-685. Panger, M. A., A. S. Brooks, B. G. Richmond, and B. Wood. 2002. Older than the Oldowan? Rethinking the emergence of hominin tool use. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 11:235-245.

# Semaw, S., M. J. Rogers, J. Quade, P. R. Renne, R. F. Butler, M. Domínguez-Rodrigo, D. Stout, W. S. Hart, T. Pickering, and S. W. Simpson. 2003. 2.6-Million-year-old stone tools and associated bones from OGS-6 and OGS-7, Gona, Afar, Ethiopia. Journal of Human Evolution 45:169-177.

# Semaw, S., M. J. Rogers, J. Quade, P. R. Renne, R. F. Butler, M. Domínguez-Rodrigo, D. Stout, W. S. Hart, T. Pickering, and S. W. Simpson. 2003. 2.6-Million-year-old stone tools and associated bones from OGS-6 and OGS-7, Gona, Afar, Ethiopia. Journal of Human Evolution 45:169-177.

# [http://www.forbes.com/2004/01/28/cx_dw_0129pollnanotechmidas04_xyz.html Nanotechnology: Big Potential In Tiny Particles], David Whelan. Retrieved on November 6, 2006

# [https://www.forbes.com/2004/01/28/cx_dw_0129pollnanotechmidas04_xyz.html Nanotechnology: Big Potential In Tiny Particles], David Whelan. Retrieved on November 6, 2006

# [http://news.thomasnet.com/IMT/archives/2004/03/will_this_tiny.html?t=archive Will this Tiny Science Usher in the Next Industrial Revolution?], Katrina C. Arabe. Retrieved on November 6, 2006

# [https://news.thomasnet.com/IMT/archives/2004/03/will_this_tiny.html?t=archive Will this Tiny Science Usher in the Next Industrial Revolution?], Katrina C. Arabe. Retrieved on November 6, 2006

[[Category: General Reference]]

[[Category: General Reference]]