Difference between revisions of "Universe"
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==Origin== | ==Origin== | ||
| − | [ | + | [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=English#ca._1100-1500_.09THE_MIDDLE_ENGLISH_PERIOD Middle English], from [[Latin]] ''universum'', from neuter of ''universus'' entire, whole, from ''uni''- + ''versus'' turned toward, from past participle of ''vertere'' to turn |
| − | *[ | + | *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_century 14th Century] |
==Definitions== | ==Definitions== | ||
*1: the whole body of [[things]] and [[phenomena]] observed or postulated : [[cosmos]]: as | *1: the whole body of [[things]] and [[phenomena]] observed or postulated : [[cosmos]]: as | ||
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| − | <center>For lessons on the related [[topic]] of '''''[[Nebadon]]''''', follow [ | + | <center>For lessons on the related [[topic]] of '''''[[Nebadon]]''''', follow [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Nebadon '''''this link'''''].</center> |
| − | <center>For lessons on the related [[topic]] of '''''[[Spacetime]]''''', follow [ | + | <center>For lessons on the related [[topic]] of '''''[[Spacetime]]''''', follow [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Spacetime '''''this link'''''].</center> |
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
The '''Universe''' is defined as the summation of all [[particles]] and [[energy]] that exist and the [[space-time]] in which all events occur. Based on observations of the portion of [[the universe]] that is observable, physicists attempt to describe the whole of space-time, including all [[matter]] and [[energy]] and events which occur, as a single system corresponding to a [[mathematical model]]. | The '''Universe''' is defined as the summation of all [[particles]] and [[energy]] that exist and the [[space-time]] in which all events occur. Based on observations of the portion of [[the universe]] that is observable, physicists attempt to describe the whole of space-time, including all [[matter]] and [[energy]] and events which occur, as a single system corresponding to a [[mathematical model]]. | ||
| − | The generally accepted scientific [[theory]] which describes the origin and [[evolution]] of the universe is [[Big Bang]] [[cosmology]], which describes the expansion of space from an extremely hot and dense state of [[unknown]] characteristics. The universe underwent a rapid period of cosmic [[inflation]] that flattened out nearly all initial irregularities in the energy density; thereafter the universe expanded and became steadily cooler and less dense. Minor variations in the distribution of mass resulted in [[hierarchical]] [[segregation]] of the features that are found in the current universe; such as clusters and [[supercluster]]s of [[galaxies]]. There are more than one hundred billion galaxies in the universe,[ | + | The generally accepted scientific [[theory]] which describes the origin and [[evolution]] of the universe is [[Big Bang]] [[cosmology]], which describes the expansion of space from an extremely hot and dense state of [[unknown]] characteristics. The universe underwent a rapid period of cosmic [[inflation]] that flattened out nearly all initial irregularities in the energy density; thereafter the universe expanded and became steadily cooler and less dense. Minor variations in the distribution of mass resulted in [[hierarchical]] [[segregation]] of the features that are found in the current universe; such as clusters and [[supercluster]]s of [[galaxies]]. There are more than one hundred billion galaxies in the universe,[https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/~gmackie/billions.html] To see the Universe in a Grain of Taranaki Sand, Swinburne University each containing hundreds of billions of stars, with each star containing about 10x57th power of [[atoms]] of hydrogen. |
In the same way that the ''[[Moon]]'' refers to our ([[Earth]]'s) moon, ''the Universe'' is used by some cosmologists to refer to our universe. In this article, ''the Universe'' is equivalent to ''our observable universe''. | In the same way that the ''[[Moon]]'' refers to our ([[Earth]]'s) moon, ''the Universe'' is used by some cosmologists to refer to our universe. In this article, ''the Universe'' is equivalent to ''our observable universe''. | ||
| − | Theoretical and [[Physical cosmology|observational cosmologists]] vary in their usage of the term ''the Universe'' to mean either this whole system or just a part of this system. [ | + | Theoretical and [[Physical cosmology|observational cosmologists]] vary in their usage of the term ''the Universe'' to mean either this whole system or just a part of this system. [https://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-5037 JSTOR: One Universe or Many?] |
| − | As used by observational cosmologists, ''[[the Universe]]'' most frequently refers to the [[finite]] part of [[space-time]]. The Universe is directly observable by making [[observation]]s using [[telescope]]s and other detectors, and by using the methods of theoretical and empirical [[physics]] for studying its components. Physical cosmologists assume that the observable part of ([ | + | As used by observational cosmologists, ''[[the Universe]]'' most frequently refers to the [[finite]] part of [[space-time]]. The Universe is directly observable by making [[observation]]s using [[telescope]]s and other detectors, and by using the methods of theoretical and empirical [[physics]] for studying its components. Physical cosmologists assume that the observable part of ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoving_distance comoving]) space (also called ''our universe'') corresponds to a part of a model of the whole of space, and usually not to the whole space. They use the term ''the Universe'' ambiguously to mean either the observable part of space, the observable part of space-time, or the entire space-time. |
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| + | In order to [[clarify]] terminology, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ellis George Ellis], U. Kirchner and W.R. Stoeger recommend using the term ''the Universe'' for the theoretical model of all of the connected [[space-time]] in which we live, ''universe domain'' for the observable universe or a similar part of the same space-time, ''universe'' for a general space-time (either our own ''Universe'' or another one disconnected from our own), ''[[multiverse]]'' for a set of disconnected space-times, and ''multi-domain universe'' to refer to a model of the whole of a single connected space-time in the sense of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaotic_inflation chaotic inflation] models. | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| − | * [ | + | * [https://www.pbs.org/wnet/hawking/html/home.html ''Stephen Hawking's Universe''] - why is the universe the way it is? |
| − | * [ | + | * [https://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/ Richard Powell: ''An Atlas of the Universe''] - images at various scales, with explanations. |
* [https://www.lifereader.com/research-articles/logarithmic-maps-of-the-universe Logarithmic Maps of the Universe] | * [https://www.lifereader.com/research-articles/logarithmic-maps-of-the-universe Logarithmic Maps of the Universe] | ||
| − | * [ | + | * [https://setiathome.ssl.berkeley.edu/ Seti@Home] - the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence |
| − | * [ | + | * [https://hypertextbook.com/facts/1999/TopazMurray.shtml Number of Galaxies in the Universe] |
| − | * [ | + | * [https://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/cosmology_faq.html Cosmology FAQ] |
| − | + | ==Quote== | |
| + | If this were only a [[material]] universe, material man would never be able to arrive at the [[concept]] of the [[mechanistic]] [[character]] of such an exclusively material [[existence]]. This very mechanistic concept of the universe is in itself a nonmaterial [[phenomenon]] of [[mind]], and all mind is of nonmaterial origin, no matter how thoroughly it may appear to be materially conditioned and [[mechanistically]] [[controlled]]. ([[195:7]]) | ||
[[Category: Astronomy]] | [[Category: Astronomy]] | ||
[[Category: Cosmology]] | [[Category: Cosmology]] | ||
Latest revision as of 02:41, 13 December 2020
Origin
Middle English, from Latin universum, from neuter of universus entire, whole, from uni- + versus turned toward, from past participle of vertere to turn
Definitions
- a : a systematic whole held to arise by and persist through the direct intervention of divine power
- b : the world of human experience
- c (1) : the entire celestial cosmos (2) : milky way galaxy (3) : an aggregate of stars comparable to the Milky Way galaxy
- 2: a distinct field or province of thought or reality that forms a closed system or self-inclusive and independent organization
- 3: a set that contains all elements relevant to a particular discussion or problem
- 4: a great number or quantity <a large enough universe of stocks … to choose from — G. B. Clairmont>
Description
The Universe is defined as the summation of all particles and energy that exist and the space-time in which all events occur. Based on observations of the portion of the universe that is observable, physicists attempt to describe the whole of space-time, including all matter and energy and events which occur, as a single system corresponding to a mathematical model.
The generally accepted scientific theory which describes the origin and evolution of the universe is Big Bang cosmology, which describes the expansion of space from an extremely hot and dense state of unknown characteristics. The universe underwent a rapid period of cosmic inflation that flattened out nearly all initial irregularities in the energy density; thereafter the universe expanded and became steadily cooler and less dense. Minor variations in the distribution of mass resulted in hierarchical segregation of the features that are found in the current universe; such as clusters and superclusters of galaxies. There are more than one hundred billion galaxies in the universe,[1] To see the Universe in a Grain of Taranaki Sand, Swinburne University each containing hundreds of billions of stars, with each star containing about 10x57th power of atoms of hydrogen.
In the same way that the Moon refers to our (Earth's) moon, the Universe is used by some cosmologists to refer to our universe. In this article, the Universe is equivalent to our observable universe.
Theoretical and observational cosmologists vary in their usage of the term the Universe to mean either this whole system or just a part of this system. JSTOR: One Universe or Many?
As used by observational cosmologists, the Universe most frequently refers to the finite part of space-time. The Universe is directly observable by making observations using telescopes and other detectors, and by using the methods of theoretical and empirical physics for studying its components. Physical cosmologists assume that the observable part of (comoving) space (also called our universe) corresponds to a part of a model of the whole of space, and usually not to the whole space. They use the term the Universe ambiguously to mean either the observable part of space, the observable part of space-time, or the entire space-time.
In order to clarify terminology, George Ellis, U. Kirchner and W.R. Stoeger recommend using the term the Universe for the theoretical model of all of the connected space-time in which we live, universe domain for the observable universe or a similar part of the same space-time, universe for a general space-time (either our own Universe or another one disconnected from our own), multiverse for a set of disconnected space-times, and multi-domain universe to refer to a model of the whole of a single connected space-time in the sense of chaotic inflation models.
External links
- Stephen Hawking's Universe - why is the universe the way it is?
- Richard Powell: An Atlas of the Universe - images at various scales, with explanations.
- Logarithmic Maps of the Universe
- Seti@Home - the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
- Number of Galaxies in the Universe
- Cosmology FAQ
Quote
If this were only a material universe, material man would never be able to arrive at the concept of the mechanistic character of such an exclusively material existence. This very mechanistic concept of the universe is in itself a nonmaterial phenomenon of mind, and all mind is of nonmaterial origin, no matter how thoroughly it may appear to be materially conditioned and mechanistically controlled. (195:7)
