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'''Violence''' is the expression of physical force against self or other, compelling action against one's will on pain of being hurt.[https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/violence][https://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/violence?view=uk][https://www.bartleby.com/61/0/V0110000.html], Variant uses of the term refer to the destruction of non-living objects (property damage). Worldwide, violence is used as a tool of manipulation and also is an area of concern for [[law]] and [[culture]] who take attempts to supress and stop it. Violence can take many forms anywhere from mere hitting between two humans where there can be just mere bodily harm, to [[war]] and [[genocide]] where millions may die as a result.

<center>For lessons on the topic of '''''Violence''''' (''War''), follow [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Violence this link].</center>

==Law==

==Law==

One of the main functions of [[law]] is to regulate violence.

One of the main functions of [[law]] is to regulate violence.

Sociologist [[Max Weber]] stated that state power is the monopoly on the legitimate use of physical [[force]] on a specific territory. [[Law|Law enforcement]] is the main means of regulating nonmilitary violence in society. Governments regulate the use of violence through legal systems governing [[individual]]s and political authorities, including the police and military. Most societies condone some amount of police violence to maintain the status quo and enforce laws.  

Sociologist [[Max Weber]] stated that state power is the monopoly on the legitimate use of physical [[force]] on a specific territory. [[Law|Law enforcement]] is the main means of regulating nonmilitary violence in society. Governments regulate the use of violence through legal systems governing [[individual]]s and political authorities, including the police and military. Most societies condone some amount of police violence to maintain the status quo and enforce laws.  

However, German political theorist [[Hannah Arendt]] noted: "Violence can be justifiable, but it never will be legitimate ... Its justification loses in plausibility the farther its intended end recedes into the future. No one questions the use of violence in self-defence, because the danger is not only clear but also present, and the end justifying the means is immediate". In the 20th century in acts of ''democide'' governments may have killed more than 260 million of their own people through police brutality, execution, massacre, slave labor camps, and through sometimes intentional famine.[http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/20TH.HTM] [http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/war-1900.htm Atlas - Wars and Democide of the Twentieth Century]

However, German political theorist [[Hannah Arendt]] noted: "Violence can be justifiable, but it never will be legitimate ... Its justification loses in plausibility the farther its intended end recedes into the future. No one questions the use of violence in self-defence, because the danger is not only clear but also present, and the end justifying the means is immediate". In the 20th century in acts of ''democide'' governments may have killed more than 260 million of their own people through police brutality, execution, massacre, slave labor camps, and through sometimes intentional famine.[https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/20TH.HTM] [https://users.erols.com/mwhite28/war-1900.htm Atlas - Wars and Democide of the Twentieth Century]

Violent acts that are not carried out by the military or police and that are not in self-defence are usually classified as crimes, although not all crimes are violent crimes. Damage to property is classified as violent crime in some jurisdictions but not in others. It is usually considered a less serious offense unless the damage injures, or potentially could injure, others. Unpremeditated or small-scale acts of random violence or coordinated violence by unsanctioned private groups usually are prosecuted. While most societies condone the killing of animals for food and sport, increasingly they have adopted more laws against animal cruelty.

Violent acts that are not carried out by the military or police and that are not in self-defence are usually classified as crimes, although not all crimes are violent crimes. Damage to property is classified as violent crime in some jurisdictions but not in others. It is usually considered a less serious offense unless the damage injures, or potentially could injure, others. Unpremeditated or small-scale acts of random violence or coordinated violence by unsanctioned private groups usually are prosecuted. While most societies condone the killing of animals for food and sport, increasingly they have adopted more laws against animal cruelty.

==Religious and political ideology==  

==Religious and political ideology==  

Religious and political ideologies have been the cause of interpersonal violence, and violent riots, political repression, ethnic cleansing and [[genocide]] throughout history.  Ideologues often falsely accuse others of violence, such as the ancient blood libel against Jews, the medieval accusations of casting [[witchcraft]] spells against women, caricatures of black men as “violent brutes” that helped excuse the late nineteenth century [[Jim Crow laws]] in the United States,[http://www.ferris.edu/jimcrow/brute/] and modern accusations of satanic ritual abuse against day care center owners and others. [http://www.religioustolerance.org/ra_case.htm]  

Religious and political ideologies have been the cause of interpersonal violence, and violent riots, political repression, ethnic cleansing and [[genocide]] throughout history.  Ideologues often falsely accuse others of violence, such as the ancient blood libel against Jews, the medieval accusations of casting [[witchcraft]] spells against women, caricatures of black men as “violent brutes” that helped excuse the late nineteenth century [[Jim Crow laws]] in the United States,[https://www.ferris.edu/jimcrow/brute/] and modern accusations of satanic ritual abuse against day care center owners and others. [https://www.religioustolerance.org/ra_case.htm]  

Both supporters and opponents of the twenty-first century ''War on Terrorism'' regard it largely as an ideological and religious war.[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,307457,00.html] [http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-177.html] [http://michellemalkin.com/2007/10/22/islamo-fascism-awareness-week-kicks-off/]  

Both supporters and opponents of the twenty-first century ''War on Terrorism'' regard it largely as an ideological and religious war.[https://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,307457,00.html] [https://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-177.html] [https://michellemalkin.com/2007/10/22/islamo-fascism-awareness-week-kicks-off/]  

Vittorio Bufacchi describes two different modern concepts of violence, one the “minimalist [[concept]]ion” of violence as an [[intention]]al act of excessive or destructive [[force]], the other the “comprehensive conception” which includes violations of rights, including a long list of human needs. These concepts are reflected in conflicts between “left wing” anti-capitalists and “right wing’” pro-capitalists.   

Vittorio Bufacchi describes two different modern concepts of violence, one the “minimalist [[concept]]ion” of violence as an [[intention]]al act of excessive or destructive [[force]], the other the “comprehensive conception” which includes violations of rights, including a long list of human needs. These concepts are reflected in conflicts between “left wing” anti-capitalists and “right wing’” pro-capitalists.   

Anti-capitalists assert that [[capitalism]] is violent. They believe [[private property]], trade, interest and [[profit]] survive only because police violence defends them and that capitalist economies need war to expand. [http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=6842]  [http://www.urban75.org/mayday/capitalism.html Capitalism explained] Many contest calling any form of property damage violent.[http://www.salon.com/news/feature/1999/12/10/anarchists/print.html][http://www.thestudentunderground.org/article.php?id=118&issue=53] [http://www.black-rose.com/articles-liz/globjustice.html]  Similarly, many anti-capitalists lambast what they call [[structural violence]] which denotes a form of violence in which social institutions kill people slowly by preventing them from meeting their basic needs, often leading further to social conflict and violence.  

Anti-capitalists assert that [[capitalism]] is violent. They believe [[private property]], trade, interest and [[profit]] survive only because police violence defends them and that capitalist economies need war to expand. [https://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=6842]  [https://www.urban75.org/mayday/capitalism.html Capitalism explained] Many contest calling any form of property damage violent.[https://www.salon.com/news/feature/1999/12/10/anarchists/print.html][https://www.thestudentunderground.org/article.php?id=118&issue=53] [https://www.black-rose.com/articles-liz/globjustice.html]  Similarly, many anti-capitalists lambast what they call [[structural violence]] which denotes a form of violence in which social institutions kill people slowly by preventing them from meeting their basic needs, often leading further to social conflict and violence.  

Supporters of capitalism are wary of a wide definition of violence that requires the state and its violent enforcement agencies to fulfill all needs denied by structural violence. However, unlike those critics who support [[state capitalism]],[http://www.city-journal.org/html/17_3_peace_racket.html] [[free market]] supporters argue that it is violently enforced state laws intervening in markets which cause many of the problems anti-capitalists attribute to structural violence.[http://www.hanshoppe.com/publications/hoppe_ch6_econ_to_ethics.pdf]  

Supporters of capitalism are wary of a wide definition of violence that requires the state and its violent enforcement agencies to fulfill all needs denied by structural violence. However, unlike those critics who support [[state capitalism]],[https://www.city-journal.org/html/17_3_peace_racket.html] [[free market]] supporters argue that it is violently enforced state laws intervening in markets which cause many of the problems anti-capitalists attribute to structural violence.[https://www.hanshoppe.com/publications/hoppe_ch6_econ_to_ethics.pdf]  

Throughout history, most [[religion]]s and [[individual]]s like [[Mahatma Gandhi]] have preached that humans are capable of eliminating individual violence and organizing societies through purely nonviolent means. Gandhi himself once wrote: “A society organized and run on the basis of complete non-violence would be the purest anarchy.” Modern political ideologies which espouse similar views include pacifist varieties of voluntarism, mutualism, [[anarchism]] and [[libertarianism]].

Throughout history, most [[religion]]s and [[individual]]s like [[Mahatma Gandhi]] have preached that humans are capable of eliminating individual violence and organizing societies through purely nonviolent means. Gandhi himself once wrote: “A society organized and run on the basis of complete non-violence would be the purest anarchy.” Modern political ideologies which espouse similar views include pacifist varieties of voluntarism, mutualism, [[anarchism]] and [[libertarianism]].

Since the [[Industrial Revolution]], the lethality of modern warfare has steadily grown. [[World War I]] casualties were over 40 million and [[World War II]] casualties were over 70 million.

Since the [[Industrial Revolution]], the lethality of modern warfare has steadily grown. [[World War I]] casualties were over 40 million and [[World War II]] casualties were over 70 million.

Nevertheless, some hold the actual deaths from war have decreased compared to past centuries. In ''War Before Civilization'', Lawrence H. Keeley, a professor at the University of Illinois, calculates that 87% of tribal societies were at war more than once per year, and some 65% of them were fighting continuously. The attrition rate of numerous close-quarter clashes, which characterize endemic warfare, produces casualty rates of up to 60%, compared to 1% of the combatants as is typical in modern warfare.[http://www.troynovant.com/Franson/Keeley/War-Before-Civilization.html]. Stephen Pinker agrees, writing that “in tribal violence, the clashes are more frequent, the percentage of men in the population who fight is greater, and the rates of death per battle are higher.

Nevertheless, some hold the actual deaths from war have decreased compared to past centuries. In ''War Before Civilization'', Lawrence H. Keeley, a professor at the University of Illinois, calculates that 87% of tribal societies were at war more than once per year, and some 65% of them were fighting continuously. The attrition rate of numerous close-quarter clashes, which characterize endemic warfare, produces casualty rates of up to 60%, compared to 1% of the combatants as is typical in modern warfare.[https://www.troynovant.com/Franson/Keeley/War-Before-Civilization.html]. Stephen Pinker agrees, writing that “in tribal violence, the clashes are more frequent, the percentage of men in the population who fight is greater, and the rates of death per battle are higher.

[[Jared Diamond]] in his award-winning books, Guns, Germs and Steel and The Third Chimpanzee provides sociological and anthropological evidence for the rise of large scale warfare as a result of advances in technology and city-states. The rise of agriculture provided a significant increase in the number of individuals that a region could sustain over hunter-gatherer societies, allowing for development of specialized classes such as soldiers, or weapons manufacturers. On the other hand, tribal conflicts in hunter-gatherer societies tend to result in wholesale slaughter of the opposition (other than perhaps females of child-bearing years) instead of territorial conquest or slavery, presumably as hunter-gatherer numbers could not sustain empire-building.

[[Jared Diamond]] in his award-winning books, Guns, Germs and Steel and The Third Chimpanzee provides sociological and anthropological evidence for the rise of large scale warfare as a result of advances in technology and city-states. The rise of agriculture provided a significant increase in the number of individuals that a region could sustain over hunter-gatherer societies, allowing for development of specialized classes such as soldiers, or weapons manufacturers. On the other hand, tribal conflicts in hunter-gatherer societies tend to result in wholesale slaughter of the opposition (other than perhaps females of child-bearing years) instead of territorial conquest or slavery, presumably as hunter-gatherer numbers could not sustain empire-building.

== Entertainment ==

== Entertainment ==

Both in fabrication and [[reality]], violence is integrated into sporting events. This was very prevalent in [[Greece]] during the olympic games where [[Wrestling]] and [[Boxing]] was an entertaining sport, many people would fight to the death in these spectacles. An even more well known and notorious example is in [[Rome]] where [[Gladiators]] would fight animals and other [[Gladiators]] until someone was killed in the process, also in theatre a scene that called for a person to be killed in a violent manner, they would indeed kill an actor or a step-in. In [[Asia]], martial arts became both a sport and a way of life for followers. Currently, [[Boxing]], [[Professional Wrestling]], Various [[Martial Arts]] and [[Mixed Martial Arts]] are a set of violent sports that have become forms of entertainment worldwide.

Both in fabrication and [[reality]], violence is integrated into sporting events. This was very prevalent in Greece during the olympic games where Wrestling and Boxing was an entertaining sport, many people would fight to the death in these spectacles. An even more well known and notorious example is in Rome where Gladiators would fight animals and other Gladiators until someone was killed in the process, also in [[theatre]] a scene that called for a person to be killed in a violent [[manner]], they would indeed kill an actor or a step-in. In Asia, martial arts became both a sport and a way of life for followers. Currently, Boxing, Professional Wrestling, Various Martial Arts are a set of violent sports that have become profitable forms of entertainment worldwide.

Government [[censorship]] has sometimes addressed such violence in media but recently, governments have relied heavily upon commerical interests to "self-regulate" such practice, by way of violence ratings for a variety of games. [http://www.peace.ca/sheet15.htm]  

Government [[censorship]] has sometimes addressed such violence in media but generally governments have relied heavily upon commercial interests to "self-regulate" their practice, by way of violence ratings. [https://www.peace.ca/sheet15.htm]  Violent [[content]] continues to be a central component of video game revenues though critics argue that violence in games hardens children to unethical acts. [https://www.media-awareness.ca/english/issues/violence/violence_entertainment.cfm Violence in Media Entertainment]; [https://www.apa.org/releases/media_violence.html]

Violent content has been a central part of video game controversy. Critics argue that violence in games hardens children to unethical acts. [http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/issues/violence/violence_entertainment.cfm Violence in Media Entertainment]; [http://www.apa.org/releases/media_violence.html]  

Competition is essential to social progress, but competition, unregulated, breeds violence. In current [[society]], competition is slowly displacing war in that it determines the individual's place in industry, as well as decreeing the survival of the industries themselves. (Murder and war differ in their status before the [[mores]], murder having been outlawed since the early days of society, while war has never yet been outlawed by mankind as a whole.)

The [[ideal]] state undertakes to regulate social conduct only enough to take violence out of [[individual]] competition and to prevent unfairness in [[personal]] initiative. Here is a great problem in statehood: How can you guarantee peace and quiet in industry, pay the taxes to support state [[power]], and at the same time prevent taxation from handicapping industry and keep the state from becoming parasitical or tyrannical?[https://urantia.org/cgi-bin/webglimpse/mfs/usr/local/www/data/papers?link=https://mercy.urantia.org/papers/paper71.html&file=/usr/local/www/data/papers/paper71.html&line=137#mfs]

==References==

==References==

# see: Joseph (Yossi) E. David, The One who is More Violent Prevails - Law and Violence from a Talmudic Legal Perspective, Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence, Vol. 19, No. 2, 2006

# see: Joseph (Yossi) E. David, The One who is More Violent Prevails - Law and Violence from a Talmudic Legal Perspective, Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence, Vol. 19, No. 2, 2006

# Arendt, Hannah sfdhxvczgrsdfcxzrfergSDS n Violence. Harvest Book. p. 52. .

# Arendt, Hannah sfdhxvczgrsdfcxzrfergSDS n Violence. Harvest Book. p. 52. .

# Twentieth Century Democide; [http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/war-1900.htm Atlas - Wars and Democide of the Twentieth Century.

# Twentieth Century Democide; [https://users.erols.com/mwhite28/war-1900.htm Atlas - Wars and Democide of the Twentieth Century.

# "Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook" (PDF). Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2004. http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/handbook/ucrhandbook04.pdf. .

# "Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook" (PDF). Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2004. https://www.fbi.gov/ucr/handbook/ucrhandbook04.pdf. .

# Review of book “War Before Civilization” by Lawrence H. Keeley, July, 2004.

# Review of book “War Before Civilization” by Lawrence H. Keeley, July, 2004.

# Stephen Pinker.

# Stephen Pinker.

* [[Walter Benjamin]]'s ''Critique of Violence''

* [[Walter Benjamin]]'s ''Critique of Violence''

* [[Arno Gruen]] psychoanalyst who has written extensively on the origins of violence

* [[Arno Gruen]] psychoanalyst who has written extensively on the origins of violence

* [http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=052160785X Flannery, D.J., Vazsonyi, A.T.& Waldman, I.D. (Eds.) (2007). The Cambridge handbook of violent behavior and aggression. Cambridge University Press, NY.]

* [https://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=052160785X Flannery, D.J., Vazsonyi, A.T.& Waldman, I.D. (Eds.) (2007). The Cambridge handbook of violent behavior and aggression. Cambridge University Press, NY.]

* Nazaretyan, A.P. (2007). Violence and Non-Violence at Different Stages of World History: A view from the hypothesis of techno-humanitarian balance. In: [http://urss.ru/cgi-bin/db.pl?cp=&page=Book&id=53184&lang=en&blang=en&list=1 ''History & Mathematics'']. Moscow: KomKniga/URSS. P.127-148. ISBN 9785484010011.

* Nazaretyan, A.P. (2007). Violence and Non-Violence at Different Stages of World History: A view from the hypothesis of techno-humanitarian balance. In: [https://urss.ru/cgi-bin/db.pl?cp=&page=Book&id=53184&lang=en&blang=en&list=1 ''History & Mathematics'']. Moscow: KomKniga/URSS. P.127-148. ISBN 9785484010011.

*[[Gad Barzilai]].(2003). Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472113151.

*[[Gad Barzilai]].(2003). Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472113151.

==External links==

==External links==

* [http://www.violence.de Information on James W. Prescott's work]

* [https://www.violence.de Information on James W. Prescott's work]

* [http://www.unesco.org/shs/human_rights/hrfv.htm 1986 Seville Statement on Violence]

* [https://www.unesco.org/shs/human_rights/hrfv.htm 1986 Seville Statement on Violence]

* [http://www.culture-of-peace.info/ssov-intro.html Introduction and Updated Information on the Seville Statement on Violence]

* [https://www.culture-of-peace.info/ssov-intro.html Introduction and Updated Information on the Seville Statement on Violence]

* [http://them.polylog.org/5/index-en.htm#fcs The Meanings of Violence and the Violence of Meanings] Intercultural discussions on violence

* [https://them.polylog.org/5/index-en.htm#fcs The Meanings of Violence and the Violence of Meanings] Intercultural discussions on violence

* [http://www.fvsai.org/ Institute on Violence, Abuse and Trauma]

* [https://www.fvsai.org/ Institute on Violence, Abuse and Trauma]

* [http://vpi-prevent.com/ Violence Prevention Institute]

* [https://vpi-prevent.com/ Violence Prevention Institute]

* [http://www.alastairmcintosh.com/general/spiral-of-violence.htm Text of Dom Helder Camara's classic 1971 "Spiral of Violence"]

* [https://www.alastairmcintosh.com/general/spiral-of-violence.htm Text of Dom Helder Camara's classic 1971 "Spiral of Violence"]

* [http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5519a3.htm Boys Equally At Risk For Partner Violence]

* [https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5519a3.htm Boys Equally At Risk For Partner Violence]

* [http://violentyouth.com/ Violent Youth]

* [https://violentyouth.com/ Violent Youth]

[[Category: Sociology]]

[[Category: Sociology]]