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Created page with 'File:lighterstill.jpgright|frame ==Origin== [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=English#ca._1100-1500_.09THE_MIDDLE_ENGLISH_PERIOD Middle E...'
[[File:lighterstill.jpg]][[File:Deference.jpg|right|frame]]
==Origin==
[http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=English#ca._1100-1500_.09THE_MIDDLE_ENGLISH_PERIOD Middle English] ''deferren'', ''differren'', from Middle French ''differer'', from [[Latin]] ''differre'' to postpone, be [[different]]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_century 14th Century]
==Definitions==
*1: [[respect]] and [[esteem]] due a superior or an [[elder]]; also : affected or ingratiating regard for another's [[wishes]]
==Description==
'''''Deference''''' (also called [[submission]] or [[passivity]]) is the condition of submitting to the espoused, legitimate [[influence]] of one's superior or superiors. Deference implies a yielding or submitting to the [[judgment]] of a recognized superior out of respect or [[reverence]]. Deference has been [[studied]] extensively by [[political scientist]]s, [[sociologists]], and [[psychologists]].
==Politics==
Smolenski (2005) [[examines]] ''deference'' in colonial Pennsylvania, to see how claims to [[political]] [[authority]] were made, justified, and [[accepted]] or [[rejected]]. He [[focuses]] on the "colonial speech economy," that is, the implicit rules that determined who was allowed to address whom and under what conditions, and describes how the qualities that [[inspired]] deference changed in the province from 1691 to 1764. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers Quaker] elite initially established a [[monopoly]] on political [[leadership]] based on what they believed to be their inherent civic [[virtue]] grounded in their religious and social class. By 1760, this view had been discredited and replaced with the general [[consensus]] that civic virtue was an achieved, not an [[inherent]], attribute and that it should be determined by the display of appropriate manliness and the [[valor]] of men who were willing to take up arms for the common [[defense]] of the colony. Further, Pennsylvanians came to believe that all white men, not just [[wealthy]] [[property]] owners, were equally capable of achieving political voice. Martial masculinity, therefore, became the defining characteristic of the [[ideal]] [[citizen]] and marked a significant [[transformation]] in the way individuals justified their right to represent the public interest.
==Sociology==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman Erving Goffman], a Canadian-born sociologist and [[writer]], explored the [[relationship]] between deference and demeanor in his 1967 essay "''The Nature of Deference and Demeanor''". According to Goffman, a person with a [[poor]] demeanor will be held in lower [[esteem]] in the eyes of [[society]]. The same is true for people who behave in a good demeanor, however: society will hold them in a higher [[esteem]]. An example of this situation can be seen through the way a person acts in a [[social]] setting. e.g. a man pulling out a chair for a woman at a restaurant. On the other end of the [[spectrum]], a person not bathing before they go to a fancy dinner party. These examples can be defined as presentational deference. Demeanor does not only [[limit]] itself to the actions of an individual, but also the [[appearance]] of an individual. A person offers themselves to a social group through a good appearance or a well demeanored appearance. When an individual has a well demeanored appearance it makes [[interaction]] between people easier. After a person is socially [[accepted]] to a group, it is [[expected]] that they will conform to interactional norms. Through acting on those [[norms]], people receive deference.
==Psychology==
There is ongoing [[debate]] among psychologists as to the extent to which ''deference'' in a [[relationship]] is determined by a person's innate [[personality]] [[type]] or is the result of a person's [[experiences]] and conditioning. In interpersonal relationships, a [[partner]] can assume a [[submissive]] role to fit in or to make him or herself acceptable to the other partner, and can be a benign aspect of a relationship. On the other hand, it may be an indication of an interpersonal [[problem]], such as partner [[abuse]]. If one or both of the people are experiencing chronic, pervasive [[emotional]] distress then the sex partners or individuals may require psychological [[evaluation]].
In interpersonal [[relationships]], some people prefer or are willing to adopt a [[submissive]] role in sexual activities or personal matters. The level and type of submission can vary from person to [[person]], and from one [[context]] to another; and also is dependent on the other [[partner]] being willing to assume [[control]] in those situations. Some people can include occasional acts of submission in an otherwise conventional [[sex]] life, or adopt a submissive [[lifestyle]].
==References==
# John B. Kirbya, "Early American Politics—The Search for Ideology: An Historiographical Analysis and Critique of the Concept of 'Deference,'" The Journal of Politics, Volume 32, Issue 04, November 1970 pp 808-838
# John Smolenski, "From Men of Property to Just Men," Early American Studies, An Interdisciplinary Journal, Fall 2005, Vol. 3 Issue 2, pp 253-285
# Erving Goffman (1967). Interaction Ritual. New York, NY: Anchor House. ISBN 0-394-70631-5.
# James J. Gross (2006). Handbook of Emotion Regulation. Guilford Publications. ISBN 978-1-59385-148-4.
[[Category: Sociology]]
[[Category: Psychology]]
==Origin==
[http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=English#ca._1100-1500_.09THE_MIDDLE_ENGLISH_PERIOD Middle English] ''deferren'', ''differren'', from Middle French ''differer'', from [[Latin]] ''differre'' to postpone, be [[different]]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_century 14th Century]
==Definitions==
*1: [[respect]] and [[esteem]] due a superior or an [[elder]]; also : affected or ingratiating regard for another's [[wishes]]
==Description==
'''''Deference''''' (also called [[submission]] or [[passivity]]) is the condition of submitting to the espoused, legitimate [[influence]] of one's superior or superiors. Deference implies a yielding or submitting to the [[judgment]] of a recognized superior out of respect or [[reverence]]. Deference has been [[studied]] extensively by [[political scientist]]s, [[sociologists]], and [[psychologists]].
==Politics==
Smolenski (2005) [[examines]] ''deference'' in colonial Pennsylvania, to see how claims to [[political]] [[authority]] were made, justified, and [[accepted]] or [[rejected]]. He [[focuses]] on the "colonial speech economy," that is, the implicit rules that determined who was allowed to address whom and under what conditions, and describes how the qualities that [[inspired]] deference changed in the province from 1691 to 1764. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers Quaker] elite initially established a [[monopoly]] on political [[leadership]] based on what they believed to be their inherent civic [[virtue]] grounded in their religious and social class. By 1760, this view had been discredited and replaced with the general [[consensus]] that civic virtue was an achieved, not an [[inherent]], attribute and that it should be determined by the display of appropriate manliness and the [[valor]] of men who were willing to take up arms for the common [[defense]] of the colony. Further, Pennsylvanians came to believe that all white men, not just [[wealthy]] [[property]] owners, were equally capable of achieving political voice. Martial masculinity, therefore, became the defining characteristic of the [[ideal]] [[citizen]] and marked a significant [[transformation]] in the way individuals justified their right to represent the public interest.
==Sociology==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erving_Goffman Erving Goffman], a Canadian-born sociologist and [[writer]], explored the [[relationship]] between deference and demeanor in his 1967 essay "''The Nature of Deference and Demeanor''". According to Goffman, a person with a [[poor]] demeanor will be held in lower [[esteem]] in the eyes of [[society]]. The same is true for people who behave in a good demeanor, however: society will hold them in a higher [[esteem]]. An example of this situation can be seen through the way a person acts in a [[social]] setting. e.g. a man pulling out a chair for a woman at a restaurant. On the other end of the [[spectrum]], a person not bathing before they go to a fancy dinner party. These examples can be defined as presentational deference. Demeanor does not only [[limit]] itself to the actions of an individual, but also the [[appearance]] of an individual. A person offers themselves to a social group through a good appearance or a well demeanored appearance. When an individual has a well demeanored appearance it makes [[interaction]] between people easier. After a person is socially [[accepted]] to a group, it is [[expected]] that they will conform to interactional norms. Through acting on those [[norms]], people receive deference.
==Psychology==
There is ongoing [[debate]] among psychologists as to the extent to which ''deference'' in a [[relationship]] is determined by a person's innate [[personality]] [[type]] or is the result of a person's [[experiences]] and conditioning. In interpersonal relationships, a [[partner]] can assume a [[submissive]] role to fit in or to make him or herself acceptable to the other partner, and can be a benign aspect of a relationship. On the other hand, it may be an indication of an interpersonal [[problem]], such as partner [[abuse]]. If one or both of the people are experiencing chronic, pervasive [[emotional]] distress then the sex partners or individuals may require psychological [[evaluation]].
In interpersonal [[relationships]], some people prefer or are willing to adopt a [[submissive]] role in sexual activities or personal matters. The level and type of submission can vary from person to [[person]], and from one [[context]] to another; and also is dependent on the other [[partner]] being willing to assume [[control]] in those situations. Some people can include occasional acts of submission in an otherwise conventional [[sex]] life, or adopt a submissive [[lifestyle]].
==References==
# John B. Kirbya, "Early American Politics—The Search for Ideology: An Historiographical Analysis and Critique of the Concept of 'Deference,'" The Journal of Politics, Volume 32, Issue 04, November 1970 pp 808-838
# John Smolenski, "From Men of Property to Just Men," Early American Studies, An Interdisciplinary Journal, Fall 2005, Vol. 3 Issue 2, pp 253-285
# Erving Goffman (1967). Interaction Ritual. New York, NY: Anchor House. ISBN 0-394-70631-5.
# James J. Gross (2006). Handbook of Emotion Regulation. Guilford Publications. ISBN 978-1-59385-148-4.
[[Category: Sociology]]
[[Category: Psychology]]