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[[File:lighterstill.jpg]]
==Origin==
Middle French ''entrainer'', from ''en''- + ''trainer'' to draw, drag
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_century 1568]
==Definition==
*1 : to draw along with or after oneself
*2 : to draw in and [[transport]] (something, such as solid particles or gas) by the [[flow]] of a fluid
*3 : to incorporate (air bubbles) into concrete
*4 : to determine or modify the [[phase]] or period of circadian [[rhythms]] entrained by a [[light]] [[cycle]]
==Description==
*''Brainwave entrainment''
Brainwave '''entrainment''', also referred to as brainwave [[synchronization]] and neural entrainment, refers to the hypothesized capacity of the [[brain]] to naturally [[synchronize]] its brainwave [[frequencies]] with the rhythm of periodic external [[stimuli]], most commonly auditory, visual, or tactile.
It is widely [[accepted]] that patterns of neural firing, measured in Hz, [[correspond]] with states of alertness such as [[focused]] [[attention]], deep [[sleep]], etc. It is hypothesized that [[listening]] to these beats of certain frequencies one can induce a [[desired]] state of [[consciousness]] that corresponds with specific neural activity.
*''Biomusicology''
'''Entrainment''' in the biomusicological [[sense]] refers to the [[synchronization]] of [[organisms]] (only humans as a whole, with some particular instances of a particular animal) to an external [[perceived]] [[rhythm]], such as human music and [[dance]] such as foot tapping.
*''Chronobiology''
'''Entrainment''', within the [[study]] of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronobiology chronobiology], occurs when rhythmic [[physiological]] or [[behavioral]] events match their period to that of an environmental [[oscillation]]. It is ultimately the [[interaction]] between [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circadian_rhythm circadian rhythms] and the [[environment]]. A central example is the [[entrainment]] of circadian rhythms to the daily [[light]]–[[dark]] [[cycle]], which ultimately is determined by the Earth's [[rotation]]. Exposure to certain environmental stimuli will cue a [[phase]] shift, and abrupt [[change]] in the [[timing]] of the rhythm. Entrainment helps organisms maintain an [[adaptive]] phase [[relationship]] with the environment as well as prevent drifting of a free running rhythm. This stable phase relationship achieved is [[thought]] to be the main function of entrainment.
There are two general modes of entrainment: Phasic vs. Continuous. The phasic model is when there is limited interaction with the environment to "reset" the clock every day by the amount [[equal]] to the "[[error]]", which is the [[difference]] between the environmental cycle and the organism's circadian rhythm. The continuous model is where the circadian rhythm is continuously [[adjusted]] by the environment usually by [[constant]] light. Two properties, the free running period of an organism, and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_response_curve phase response curve], are the main pieces of [[information]] needed to investigate [[individual]] entrainment. There are also limits to entrainment. Although there may be individual differences in this limit, most organisms have a +/- 3 hours limit of entrainment. Due to this [[limit]], it may take several days for re-entrainment.
The term entrainment is applied because the [[biological]] rhythms are [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogenous endogenous]: The rhythm [[persists]] even in the [[absence]] of environmental cues because it is not a learned behavior but something that is [[inherently]] in organisms. Of the several possible cues, called zeitgebers (German for 'time-givers', 'synchronizers'), which can contribute to entrainment, [[light]] has the largest impact. Units of Circadian Time (CT) are used to [[describe]] entrainment to refer to the [[relationship]] between the rhythm and the light signal/pulse.
The activity/rest ([[sleep]]) cycle in [[animals]] is one of the circadian rhythms that normally are entrained by environmental cues. In [[mammals]], such endogenous rhythms are generated by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suprachiasmatic_nucleus suprachiasmatic nucleus] (SCN) of the anterior [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamus hypothalamus]. Entrainment is accomplished by altering the [[concentration]] of clock components through altered [[gene]] expression and protein stability.
Circadian oscillations occur even in the [[cells]] of isolated organs such as the liver/heart as peripheral oscillators, and it is [[believed]] that they sync up with the master pacemaker in the mammalian brain, the SCN. Such [[hierarchical]] relationships are not the only ones possible: Two or more oscillators may couple in order to assume the same period without either being [[dominant]] over the other(s). This situation is analogous to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens Huygens]' [[pendulum]] clocks.
The phase of entrainment refers to the [[relative]] [[timing]] of any circadian event within the objective 24-hour day.
When good sleep hygiene is insufficient, a person's lack of [[synchronization]] to night and day can have [[health]] consequences. There is some variation within normal chronotypes' entrainment; it is normal for humans to [[awaken]] anywhere from about 5 a.m. to 9 a.m. However, patients with DSPD, ASPD and non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder are improperly entrained to light/dark.
==Further reading==
Pittendrigh CS (1981) Circadian systems: Entrainment. In Handbook Behavioral Neurobiology, Vol. 4. Biological Rhythms, J. Aschoff, ed. pp. 239–68, University of California Press, New York.
Category: Biology]]
==Origin==
Middle French ''entrainer'', from ''en''- + ''trainer'' to draw, drag
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_century 1568]
==Definition==
*1 : to draw along with or after oneself
*2 : to draw in and [[transport]] (something, such as solid particles or gas) by the [[flow]] of a fluid
*3 : to incorporate (air bubbles) into concrete
*4 : to determine or modify the [[phase]] or period of circadian [[rhythms]] entrained by a [[light]] [[cycle]]
==Description==
*''Brainwave entrainment''
Brainwave '''entrainment''', also referred to as brainwave [[synchronization]] and neural entrainment, refers to the hypothesized capacity of the [[brain]] to naturally [[synchronize]] its brainwave [[frequencies]] with the rhythm of periodic external [[stimuli]], most commonly auditory, visual, or tactile.
It is widely [[accepted]] that patterns of neural firing, measured in Hz, [[correspond]] with states of alertness such as [[focused]] [[attention]], deep [[sleep]], etc. It is hypothesized that [[listening]] to these beats of certain frequencies one can induce a [[desired]] state of [[consciousness]] that corresponds with specific neural activity.
*''Biomusicology''
'''Entrainment''' in the biomusicological [[sense]] refers to the [[synchronization]] of [[organisms]] (only humans as a whole, with some particular instances of a particular animal) to an external [[perceived]] [[rhythm]], such as human music and [[dance]] such as foot tapping.
*''Chronobiology''
'''Entrainment''', within the [[study]] of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronobiology chronobiology], occurs when rhythmic [[physiological]] or [[behavioral]] events match their period to that of an environmental [[oscillation]]. It is ultimately the [[interaction]] between [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circadian_rhythm circadian rhythms] and the [[environment]]. A central example is the [[entrainment]] of circadian rhythms to the daily [[light]]–[[dark]] [[cycle]], which ultimately is determined by the Earth's [[rotation]]. Exposure to certain environmental stimuli will cue a [[phase]] shift, and abrupt [[change]] in the [[timing]] of the rhythm. Entrainment helps organisms maintain an [[adaptive]] phase [[relationship]] with the environment as well as prevent drifting of a free running rhythm. This stable phase relationship achieved is [[thought]] to be the main function of entrainment.
There are two general modes of entrainment: Phasic vs. Continuous. The phasic model is when there is limited interaction with the environment to "reset" the clock every day by the amount [[equal]] to the "[[error]]", which is the [[difference]] between the environmental cycle and the organism's circadian rhythm. The continuous model is where the circadian rhythm is continuously [[adjusted]] by the environment usually by [[constant]] light. Two properties, the free running period of an organism, and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_response_curve phase response curve], are the main pieces of [[information]] needed to investigate [[individual]] entrainment. There are also limits to entrainment. Although there may be individual differences in this limit, most organisms have a +/- 3 hours limit of entrainment. Due to this [[limit]], it may take several days for re-entrainment.
The term entrainment is applied because the [[biological]] rhythms are [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogenous endogenous]: The rhythm [[persists]] even in the [[absence]] of environmental cues because it is not a learned behavior but something that is [[inherently]] in organisms. Of the several possible cues, called zeitgebers (German for 'time-givers', 'synchronizers'), which can contribute to entrainment, [[light]] has the largest impact. Units of Circadian Time (CT) are used to [[describe]] entrainment to refer to the [[relationship]] between the rhythm and the light signal/pulse.
The activity/rest ([[sleep]]) cycle in [[animals]] is one of the circadian rhythms that normally are entrained by environmental cues. In [[mammals]], such endogenous rhythms are generated by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suprachiasmatic_nucleus suprachiasmatic nucleus] (SCN) of the anterior [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamus hypothalamus]. Entrainment is accomplished by altering the [[concentration]] of clock components through altered [[gene]] expression and protein stability.
Circadian oscillations occur even in the [[cells]] of isolated organs such as the liver/heart as peripheral oscillators, and it is [[believed]] that they sync up with the master pacemaker in the mammalian brain, the SCN. Such [[hierarchical]] relationships are not the only ones possible: Two or more oscillators may couple in order to assume the same period without either being [[dominant]] over the other(s). This situation is analogous to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens Huygens]' [[pendulum]] clocks.
The phase of entrainment refers to the [[relative]] [[timing]] of any circadian event within the objective 24-hour day.
When good sleep hygiene is insufficient, a person's lack of [[synchronization]] to night and day can have [[health]] consequences. There is some variation within normal chronotypes' entrainment; it is normal for humans to [[awaken]] anywhere from about 5 a.m. to 9 a.m. However, patients with DSPD, ASPD and non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder are improperly entrained to light/dark.
==Further reading==
Pittendrigh CS (1981) Circadian systems: Entrainment. In Handbook Behavioral Neurobiology, Vol. 4. Biological Rhythms, J. Aschoff, ed. pp. 239–68, University of California Press, New York.
Category: Biology]]
