Changes

[[File:Star_classification.jpg|right|frame]]

[[File:Star_classification.jpg|right|frame]]

*Date: [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Century 1790]

*Date: [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Century 1790]

==Definitions==

==Definitions==

:'''''Classification'''''

:'''''Classification'''''

==Description==

==Description==

A [[library]] '''classification''' is a [[system]] of coding and organizing [[library]] [[materials]] ([[books]], serials, audiovisual materials, computer files, maps, [[manuscript]]s, realia) according to their subject and allocating a call number to that [[information]] [[resource]]. Similar to classification systems used in [[biology]], bibliographic classification systems [[group]] [[entities]] together that are similar, typically arranged in a [[hierarchical]] tree [[structure]]. A [[different]] kind of classification system, called a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faceted_classification faceted classification] system, is also widely used which allows the assignment of multiple classifications to an object, enabling the classifications to be ordered in multiple ways.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_classification]

A [[library]] '''classification''' is a [[system]] of coding and organizing [[library]] [[materials]] ([[books]], serials, audiovisual materials, computer files, maps, [[manuscript]]s, realia) according to their subject and allocating a call number to that [[information]] [[resource]]. Similar to classification systems used in [[biology]], bibliographic classification systems [[group]] [[entities]] together that are similar, typically arranged in a [[hierarchical]] tree [[structure]]. A [[different]] kind of classification system, called a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faceted_classification faceted classification] system, is also widely used which allows the assignment of multiple classifications to an object, enabling the classifications to be ordered in multiple ways.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_classification]

==Social classes==

==Social classes==

'''Social classes''' are [[economic]] or [[cultural]] arrangements of [[groups]] in [[society]]. Class is an essential object of [[analysis]] for [[sociologists]], [[political scientists]], economists, [[anthropologists]] and social historians. In the [[social sciences]], social class is often discussed in terms of 'social stratification'. In the modern [[Western]] [[context]], stratification typically comprises [[three]] layers: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_class upper class], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_class middle class], and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_class lower class]. Each class may be further subdivided into smaller classes (e.g. occupational).

'''Social classes''' are [[economic]] or [[cultural]] arrangements of [[groups]] in [[society]]. Class is an essential object of [[analysis]] for [[sociologists]], [[political scientists]], economists, [[anthropologists]] and social historians. In the [[social sciences]], social class is often discussed in terms of 'social stratification'. In the modern [[Western]] [[context]], stratification typically comprises [[three]] layers: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_class upper class], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_class middle class], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_class lower class]. Each class may be further subdivided into smaller classes (e.g. occupational).

<center>For lessons on the related [[topic]] of '''''[[Status]]''''', follow [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Status '''''this link'''''].</center>

<center>For lessons on the related [[topic]] of '''''[[Status]]''''', follow [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Status '''''this link'''''].</center>

The most basic class distinction is between the powerful and the powerless. Social classes with a great deal of [[power]] are usually viewed as "the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elite elites]" within their own [[societies]]. Various [[social]] and [[political]] theories propose that social classes with greater [[power]] attempt to cement their own ranking above the lower classes in the [[hierarchy]] to the detriment of the [[society]] overall. By [[contrast]], [[conservatives]] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_functionalism structural functionalists] have presented class [[difference]] as intrinsic to the [[structure]] of any [[society]] and to that extent ineradicable.

The most basic class distinction is between the powerful and the powerless. Social classes with a great deal of [[power]] are usually viewed as "the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elite elites]" within their own [[societies]]. Various [[social]] and [[political]] theories propose that social classes with greater [[power]] attempt to cement their own ranking above the lower classes in the [[hierarchy]] to the detriment of the [[society]] overall. By [[contrast]], [[conservatives]] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_functionalism structural functionalists] have presented class [[difference]] as intrinsic to the [[structure]] of any [[society]] and to that extent ineradicable.

In [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist_theory Marxist theory], two basic class divisions owe to the [[fundamental]] [[economic]] [[structure]] of [[work]] and [[property]]: the [[proletariat]] and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeoisie bourgeoisie]. The [[capitalists]] own the means of production, but this effectively includes the [[proletariat]] as they are only able to sell their own [[labor]] power (See also: wage labour). These inequalities are normalised and reproduced through cultural [[ideology]]. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber Max Weber] critiqued historical [[materialism]] (or economic [[determinism]]), positing that stratification is not based [[purely]] on economic inequalities, but on other [[status]] and power differentials. Social class pertaining broadly to [[material]] wealth may be distinguished from [[status]] class based on [[honour]], [[prestige]], religious affiliation, and so on.

In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist_theory Marxist theory], two basic class divisions owe to the [[fundamental]] [[economic]] [[structure]] of [[work]] and [[property]]: the [[proletariat]] and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeoisie bourgeoisie]. The [[capitalists]] own the means of production, but this effectively includes the [[proletariat]] as they are only able to sell their own [[labor]] power (See also: wage labour). These inequalities are normalised and reproduced through cultural [[ideology]]. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber Max Weber] critiqued historical [[materialism]] (or economic [[determinism]]), positing that stratification is not based [[purely]] on economic inequalities, but on other [[status]] and power differentials. Social class pertaining broadly to [[material]] wealth may be distinguished from [[status]] class based on [[honour]], [[prestige]], religious affiliation, and so on.

[[Theorists]] such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralf_Dahrendorf Ralf Dahrendorf] have noted the [[tendency]] toward an enlarged [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_class middle class] in modern [[Western]] societies, particularly in relation to the [[necessity]] of an educated [[work]] force in [[technological]] economies. [[Perspectives]] concerning globalization and neocolonialism, such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependency_theory dependency theory], suggest this owes to the shift of low-level labourers to developing nations and the Third World. Developed nations have thereby become less directly active in primary industry (e.g. basic [[manufacturing]], [[agriculture]], forestry, mining, etc.) and increasingly involved with "[[virtual]]" [[goods]] and [[services]]. The [[national]] [[concept]] of "social class" has therefore become increasingly [[complex]] and [[confused]].[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class]

[[Theorists]] such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralf_Dahrendorf Ralf Dahrendorf] have noted the [[tendency]] toward an enlarged [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_class middle class] in modern [[Western]] societies, particularly in relation to the [[necessity]] of an educated [[work]] force in [[technological]] economies. [[Perspectives]] concerning globalization and neocolonialism, such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependency_theory dependency theory], suggest this owes to the shift of low-level labourers to developing nations and the Third World. Developed nations have thereby become less directly active in primary industry (e.g. basic [[manufacturing]], [[agriculture]], forestry, mining, etc.) and increasingly involved with "[[virtual]]" [[goods]] and [[services]]. The [[national]] [[concept]] of "social class" has therefore become increasingly [[complex]] and [[confused]].[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class]

==See also==

==See also==

*'''''[[70:8 Social Classes|Social Classes]]'''''

*'''''[[70:8 Social Classes|Social Classes]]'''''

[[Category: Sociology]]

[[Category: Sociology]]

[[Category: General Reference]]

[[Category: General Reference]]