Changes

One CI pioneer, George Pór, defined the collective intelligence [phenomenon] as "the capacity of human communities to evolve towards higher order complexity and [[harmony]], through such innovation mechanisms as differentiation and [[integration]], competition and collaboration."[2] Tom Atlee and George Pór state that "collective intelligence also involves achieving a single [[focus]] of attention and standard of metrics which provide an appropriate threshold of action". Their approach is rooted in Scientific [[Community]] [[Metaphor]].

One CI pioneer, George Pór, defined the collective intelligence [phenomenon] as "the capacity of human communities to evolve towards higher order complexity and [[harmony]], through such innovation mechanisms as differentiation and [[integration]], competition and collaboration."[2] Tom Atlee and George Pór state that "collective intelligence also involves achieving a single [[focus]] of attention and standard of metrics which provide an appropriate threshold of action". Their approach is rooted in Scientific [[Community]] [[Metaphor]].

Levy and de Kerckhove consider CI from a mass communications [[perspective]], focusing on the ability of networked ICT’s to enhance the [[community]] [[knowledge]] pool. They suggest that these communications tools enable humans to interact and to share and collaborate with both ease and speed (Flew 2008). With the development of the Internet and its widespread use, the opportunity to contribute to community-based knowledge forums is greater than ever before. These computer networks give participating users the opportunity to store and to retrieve knowledge through the [[collective]] access to these databases and allow them to “harness the hive” (Raymond 1998; Herz 2005 in Flew 2008). Researchers[3] at the [http://cci.mit.edu/ MIT Center for Collective Intelligence] research and explore collective intelligence of groups of people and computers.

Levy and de Kerckhove consider CI from a mass communications [[perspective]], focusing on the ability of networked ICT’s to enhance the [[community]] [[knowledge]] pool. They suggest that these communications tools enable humans to interact and to share and collaborate with both ease and speed (Flew 2008). With the development of the Internet and its widespread use, the opportunity to contribute to community-based knowledge forums is greater than ever before. These computer networks give participating users the opportunity to store and to retrieve knowledge through the [[collective]] access to these databases and allow them to “harness the hive” (Raymond 1998; Herz 2005 in Flew 2008). Researchers[3] at the [https://cci.mit.edu/ MIT Center for Collective Intelligence] research and explore collective intelligence of groups of people and computers.

==General concepts==

==General concepts==

Howard Bloom traces the evolution of collective intelligence from the days of our bacterial ancestors 3.5 billion years ago to the present and demonstrates how a multi-species intelligence has worked since the beginning of life.[4]

Howard Bloom traces the evolution of collective intelligence from the days of our bacterial ancestors 3.5 billion years ago to the present and demonstrates how a multi-species intelligence has worked since the beginning of life.[4]

Knowledge focusing through various voting methods has the potential for many unique perspectives to converge through the assumption that uninformed voting is to some degree random and can be filtered from the [[decision]] [[process]] leaving only a residue of informed consensus. Critics point out that often bad ideas, misunderstandings, and misconceptions are widely held, and that structuring of the decision process must favor experts who are presumably less prone to random or misinformed voting in a given context.

Knowledge focusing through various voting methods has the potential for many unique perspectives to converge through the assumption that uninformed voting is to some degree random and can be filtered from the [[decision]] [[process]] leaving only a residue of informed consensus. Critics point out that often bad ideas, misunderstandings, and misconceptions are widely held, and that structuring of the decision process must favor experts who are presumably less prone to random or misinformed voting in a given context.

While these are the views of experts like Atlee and Pór, other founding fathers of collective intelligence see the field differently. Francis Heylighen, Valerie Turchin, and Gottfried Mayer-Kress view collective intelligence through the lens of [[computer science]] and cybernetics. Howard Bloom stresses the [[biological]] adaptations that have turned most of this [[earth]]'s living beings into components of what he calls "a learning machine". And [http://www.peterrussell.com/index2.php Peter Russell], Elisabet Sahtouris, and [http://www.evolve.org/ Barbara Marx Hubbard] (originator of the term "conscious evolution") are inspired by the [[vision]]s of a [[noosphere]] — a [[transcendent]], rapidly evolving collective intelligence — an informational cortex of the planet.

While these are the views of experts like Atlee and Pór, other founding fathers of collective intelligence see the field differently. Francis Heylighen, Valerie Turchin, and Gottfried Mayer-Kress view collective intelligence through the lens of [[computer science]] and cybernetics. Howard Bloom stresses the [[biological]] adaptations that have turned most of this [[earth]]'s living beings into components of what he calls "a learning machine". And [https://www.peterrussell.com/index2.php Peter Russell], Elisabet Sahtouris, and [https://www.evolve.org/ Barbara Marx Hubbard] (originator of the term "conscious evolution") are inspired by the [[vision]]s of a [[noosphere]] — a [[transcendent]], rapidly evolving collective intelligence — an informational cortex of the planet.

Perhaps we may draw parallels between this informational cortex and the Internet. Defined by the Internet Society in 1995 as ‘... the global information system that... provides, uses or makes accessible, either [[public]]ly or [[private]]ly, high level services layered on... communications and related infrastructure...’ (Leiner et al. 2003) we can see how the Internet lends itself to becoming this ‘cortex’. Developing as far back as the late 1950’s, it wasn’t until 1991 that WWW ([[World Wide Web]]) was released. In 2005, there were as many as 1,018, 057, 389 Internet users worldwide ([[CIA]] 2008). So many users accessing the Internet can only mean one thing — a meeting of minds and collaboration of knowledge. The Internet is an information and communication tool, whether it be checking on the stock market or a celebrity gossip site, humans are primarily interested in the sharing of information, and the Internet serves this purpose.

Perhaps we may draw parallels between this informational cortex and the Internet. Defined by the Internet Society in 1995 as ‘... the global information system that... provides, uses or makes accessible, either [[public]]ly or [[private]]ly, high level services layered on... communications and related infrastructure...’ (Leiner et al. 2003) we can see how the Internet lends itself to becoming this ‘cortex’. Developing as far back as the late 1950’s, it wasn’t until 1991 that WWW ([[World Wide Web]]) was released. In 2005, there were as many as 1,018, 057, 389 Internet users worldwide ([[CIA]] 2008). So many users accessing the Internet can only mean one thing — a meeting of minds and collaboration of knowledge. The Internet is an information and communication tool, whether it be checking on the stock market or a celebrity gossip site, humans are primarily interested in the sharing of information, and the Internet serves this purpose.

# Flew, T. (2008). New Media: an introduction. Melbourne: Oxford University Press

# Flew, T. (2008). New Media: an introduction. Melbourne: Oxford University Press

# George Pór, Blog of Collective Intelligence

# George Pór, Blog of Collective Intelligence

# http://cci.mit.edu/people/index.html

# https://cci.mit.edu/people/index.html

# Howard Bloom, Global Brain: The Evolution of Mass Mind from the Big Bang to the 21st Century, 2000

# Howard Bloom, Global Brain: The Evolution of Mass Mind from the Big Bang to the 21st Century, 2000

# Tapscott, D., & Williams, A. D. (2008). Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything, USA: Penguin Group

# Tapscott, D., & Williams, A. D. (2008). Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything, USA: Penguin Group

# Henry Jenkins (2002) in Flew, Terry and Humphreys, Sal (2005) Games: Technology, Industry, Culture in Terry Flew, New Media: An Introduction (2nd edn), Oxford University Press, South Melbourne 101-114.

# Henry Jenkins (2002) in Flew, Terry and Humphreys, Sal (2005) Games: Technology, Industry, Culture in Terry Flew, New Media: An Introduction (2nd edn), Oxford University Press, South Melbourne 101-114.

# L, Lessig,(2006)Code Version 2.0 (2nd ed.). New York: Basic Books.

# L, Lessig,(2006)Code Version 2.0 (2nd ed.). New York: Basic Books.

# Bray, DA & Konsynski, BR, 2007, Virtual Worlds, Virtual Economies, Virtual Institutions, viewed 10th October 2008, p. 1-27 <http://ssrn.com/abstract=962501>

# Bray, DA & Konsynski, BR, 2007, Virtual Worlds, Virtual Economies, Virtual Institutions, viewed 10th October 2008, p. 1-27 <https://ssrn.com/abstract=962501>

# Gosney, J.W, 2005, Beyond Reality: A Guide to Alternate Reality Gaming, Thomson Course Technology, Boston.

# Gosney, J.W, 2005, Beyond Reality: A Guide to Alternate Reality Gaming, Thomson Course Technology, Boston.

# Atlee, T. (2008). Reflections on the evolution of choice and collective intelligence Retrieved August 26, 2008, from [http://www.communicationagents.com/tom_atlee/2008/05/15/reflections_on_the_evolution_of_choice_and_collective_intelligence.htm]

# Atlee, T. (2008). Reflections on the evolution of choice and collective intelligence Retrieved August 26, 2008, from [https://www.communicationagents.com/tom_atlee/2008/05/15/reflections_on_the_evolution_of_choice_and_collective_intelligence.htm]

# Brown, P. & Lauder, H. (2000). Collective Intelligence. In S. Baron, J. Field & T. Schuller (Eds.) Social Capital: Critical Perspectives (p.230) New York: Oxford University Press.

# Brown, P. & Lauder, H. (2000). Collective Intelligence. In S. Baron, J. Field & T. Schuller (Eds.) Social Capital: Critical Perspectives (p.230) New York: Oxford University Press.

# Tapscott, D., & Williams, A. D. (2008). Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything, USA: Penguin Group

# Tapscott, D., & Williams, A. D. (2008). Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything, USA: Penguin Group