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The earliest direct attestation of a Celtic language are the [[Lepontic]] inscriptions, beginning from the 6th century BC. Continental Celtic languages are attested only in inscriptions and place-names. Insular Celtic is attested from about the fourth century AD in [[ogham inscription]]s. Literary tradition begins with [[Old Irish]] from about the eighth century. Coherent texts of Early Irish literature, such as the ''[[Táin Bó Cúailnge]]'', survive in 12th century recensions.

The earliest direct attestation of a Celtic language are the [[Lepontic]] inscriptions, beginning from the 6th century BC. Continental Celtic languages are attested only in inscriptions and place-names. Insular Celtic is attested from about the fourth century AD in [[ogham inscription]]s. Literary tradition begins with [[Old Irish]] from about the eighth century. Coherent texts of Early Irish literature, such as the ''[[Táin Bó Cúailnge]]'', survive in 12th century recensions.

By the early first milennium AD, following the expansion of the Roman Empire and the Great Migrations (Migration Period) of Germanic peoples, Celtic culture had become restricted to the [[British Isles]] (Insular Celtic), and the Continental Celtic languages ceased to be widely used by the sixth century. "Celtic Europe" today refers to the lands surrounding the Irish Sea, as well as [[Cornwall]] and [[Brittany]] on either side of the [[English Channel]].[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celt]

By the early first milennium AD, following the expansion of the Roman Empire and the Great Migrations (Migration Period) of Germanic peoples, Celtic culture had become restricted to the [[British Isles]] (Insular Celtic), and the Continental Celtic languages ceased to be widely used by the sixth century. "Celtic Europe" today refers to the lands surrounding the Irish Sea, as well as [[Cornwall]] and [[Brittany]] on either side of the [[English Channel]].[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celt]

==Literature==

==Literature==

* Thomas M. Charles-Edwards, "Beyond empire II: Christianities of the Celtic peoples," in  ''Cambridge History of Christianity. Vol. 3. Early Medieval Christianities, c.600–c.1100''. Edited by Thomas F. X. Noble and Julia M. H. Smith. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2008 (Cambridge History of Christianity), 86-106.

* Thomas M. Charles-Edwards, "Beyond empire II: Christianities of the Celtic peoples," in  ''Cambridge History of Christianity. Vol. 3. Early Medieval Christianities, c.600–c.1100''. Edited by Thomas F. X. Noble and Julia M. H. Smith. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2008 (Cambridge History of Christianity), 86-106.

* Alberro, Manuel and Arnold, Bettina (eds.), ''[http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/celtic/ekeltoi/ e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies], [http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/index.html Volume 6: The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula]'', University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, Center for Celtic Studies, 2005.

* Alberro, Manuel and Arnold, Bettina (eds.), ''[https://www.uwm.edu/Dept/celtic/ekeltoi/ e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies], [https://www.uwm.edu/Dept/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/index.html Volume 6: The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula]'', University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, Center for Celtic Studies, 2005.

* Collis, John. ''The Celts: Origins, Myths and Inventions.'' Stroud: Tempus Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0-7524-2913-2. Historiography of Celtic studies.

* Collis, John. ''The Celts: Origins, Myths and Inventions.'' Stroud: Tempus Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0-7524-2913-2. Historiography of Celtic studies.

* Cunliffe, Barry. ''The Ancient Celts.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-19-815010-5.

* Cunliffe, Barry. ''The Ancient Celts.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-19-815010-5.

* Cunliffe, Barry. ''Iron Age Britain.'' London: Batsford, 2004. ISBN 0-7134-8839-5

* Cunliffe, Barry. ''Iron Age Britain.'' London: Batsford, 2004. ISBN 0-7134-8839-5

* Cunliffe, Barry. ''The Celts: A Very Short Introduction.'' 2003

* Cunliffe, Barry. ''The Celts: A Very Short Introduction.'' 2003

* Freeman, Philip Mitchell ''The earliest classical sources on the Celts: A linguistic and historical study.'' Diss. Harvard University, 1994. [http://proquest.umi.com.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/pqdweb?did=740970711&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3959&RQT=309&VName=PQD (link)]

* Freeman, Philip Mitchell ''The earliest classical sources on the Celts: A linguistic and historical study.'' Diss. Harvard University, 1994. [https://proquest.umi.com.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/pqdweb?did=740970711&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3959&RQT=309&VName=PQD (link)]

* Gamito, Teresa J. ''The Celts in Portugal''. In E-Keltoi, Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies, vol. 6. 2005.

* Gamito, Teresa J. ''The Celts in Portugal''. In E-Keltoi, Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies, vol. 6. 2005.

* Haywood. ''Historical Atlas of the Celtic World.'' 2001.

* Haywood. ''Historical Atlas of the Celtic World.'' 2001.

==External links==

==External links==

===Additional articles===

===Additional articles===

*[http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_music Ancient Celtic music] - in the ''[[Citizendium]]''

*[https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_music Ancient Celtic music] - in the ''[[Citizendium]]''

*[http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/index.html Essays on Celtiberian topics] - in ''[[e-Keltoi]]'', [[University of Wisconsin, Madison]]

*[https://www.uwm.edu/Dept/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/index.html Essays on Celtiberian topics] - in ''[[e-Keltoi]]'', [[University of Wisconsin, Madison]]

===Geography===

===Geography===

*[http://resourcesforhistory.com/map.htm An interactive map showing the lands of the Celts between 800BC and 305AD.]

*[https://resourcesforhistory.com/map.htm An interactive map showing the lands of the Celts between 800BC and 305AD.]

*[http://www.arqueotavira.com/Mapas/Iberia/Populi.htm Detailed map of the Pre-Roman Peoples of Iberia (around 200 BC), showing the Celtic territories]

*[https://www.arqueotavira.com/Mapas/Iberia/Populi.htm Detailed map of the Pre-Roman Peoples of Iberia (around 200 BC), showing the Celtic territories]

*[http://www.resourcesforhistory.com/map.htm Map of Celtic lands]

*[https://www.resourcesforhistory.com/map.htm Map of Celtic lands]

===Multimedia===

===Multimedia===

*[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-3932614824851254533&q=lost+treasures+of+the+ancient+world&total=106&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=5 "The Celts"] - part of ''Lost Treasures of the Ancient World'', Cromwell Productions, 2000.

*[https://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-3932614824851254533&q=lost+treasures+of+the+ancient+world&total=106&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=5 "The Celts"] - part of ''Lost Treasures of the Ancient World'', Cromwell Productions, 2000.

*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20020221.shtml Discussion] - with academician [[Barry Cunliffe]], on [[BBC Radio 4]]'s ''[[In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)|In Our Time]]'', [[February 21]], [[2002]].  (Streaming [[Realplayer]] format)   

*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20020221.shtml Discussion] - with academician [[Barry Cunliffe]], on [[BBC Radio 4]]'s ''[[In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)|In Our Time]]'', [[February 21]], [[2002]].  (Streaming [[Realplayer]] format)   

*[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=5738673982827673282&q=celts&total=1836&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=4 "The Primitive Celts"] - part of ''Terry Jones' Barbarians'', June 2006.

*[https://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=5738673982827673282&q=celts&total=1836&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=4 "The Primitive Celts"] - part of ''Terry Jones' Barbarians'', June 2006.

===Organisations===

===Organisations===

*[http://www.ordemgael.moonfruit.com Gael Order, group of study and cultural heritage]

*[https://www.ordemgael.moonfruit.com Gael Order, group of study and cultural heritage]

*[http://newworldcelts.org newworldcelts.org]

*[https://newworldcelts.org newworldcelts.org]

*[http://www.celtic-congress-2007.com XIII. International Congress of Celtic Studies in Bonn]

*[https://www.celtic-congress-2007.com XIII. International Congress of Celtic Studies in Bonn]

===Special interest===

===Special interest===

*[http://www.familytreedna.com/public/Nordic-Celtic Related Nordic-Celtic DNA material] - at FamilyTreeDNA.com

*[https://www.familytreedna.com/public/Nordic-Celtic Related Nordic-Celtic DNA material] - at FamilyTreeDNA.com

* http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/celts-descended-from-spanish-fishermen-study-finds-416727.html

* https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/celts-descended-from-spanish-fishermen-study-finds-416727.html

[[Category: General Reference]]

[[Category: General Reference]]

[[Category: History]]

[[Category: History]]