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| ==Etymology== | | ==Etymology== |
| [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=English#ca._1100-1500_.09THE_MIDDLE_ENGLISH_PERIOD Middle English] egre, from Anglo-French egre, aigre, from [[Latin]] acer (edge) | | [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=English#ca._1100-1500_.09THE_MIDDLE_ENGLISH_PERIOD Middle English] egre, from Anglo-French egre, aigre, from [[Latin]] acer (edge) |
− | *Date: [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Century 14th century] | + | *Date: [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Century 14th century] |
| ==Definitions== | | ==Definitions== |
| *1 a archaic : sharp | | *1 a archaic : sharp |
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| ==Hormesis== | | ==Hormesis== |
| [[File:Hormesis.jpg|right|frame]] | | [[File:Hormesis.jpg|right|frame]] |
− | ''Hormesis'' (from Greek hórmēsis "rapid [[motion]], '''eagerness'''," from ancient [[Greek]] hormáein "to set in [[motion]], impel, urge on") is the term for generally-favorable [[biological]] [[responses]] to low exposures to toxins and other [[stress]]ors. A pollutant or toxin showing hormesis thus has the opposite [[effect]] in small doses as in large doses. A related concept is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithridatism Mithridatism], which refers to the willful [[exposure]] to toxins in an attempt to develop [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunity immunity] against them. | + | ''Hormesis'' (from Greek hórmēsis "rapid [[motion]], '''eagerness'''," from ancient [[Greek]] hormáein "to set in [[motion]], impel, urge on") is the term for generally-favorable [[biological]] [[responses]] to low exposures to toxins and other [[stress]]ors. A pollutant or toxin showing hormesis thus has the opposite [[effect]] in small doses as in large doses. A related concept is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithridatism Mithridatism], which refers to the willful [[exposure]] to toxins in an attempt to develop [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunity immunity] against them. |
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− | In toxicology, hormesis is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dose_response dose response] [[phenomenon]] characterized by a low dose stimulation, high dose inhibition, resulting in either a J-shaped or an inverted U-shaped dose response. Such environmental factors that would seem to produce positive responses have also been termed “[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustress eustress]”. | + | In toxicology, hormesis is a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dose_response dose response] [[phenomenon]] characterized by a low dose stimulation, high dose inhibition, resulting in either a J-shaped or an inverted U-shaped dose response. Such environmental factors that would seem to produce positive responses have also been termed “[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustress eustress]”. |
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− | However, whether hormesis is common or important is [[controversial]]. At least one [[peer]]-reviewed [[article]] accepts the idea, claiming that over 600 substances show a U-shaped [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dose-response dose-response] [[relationship]]. Calaberese and Baldwin wrote: | + | However, whether hormesis is common or important is [[controversial]]. At least one [[peer]]-reviewed [[article]] accepts the idea, claiming that over 600 substances show a U-shaped [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dose-response dose-response] [[relationship]]. Calaberese and Baldwin wrote: |
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| <blockquote>One percent (195 out of 20,285) of the published articles contained 668 dose-response relationships that met the entry criteria.</blockquote> | | <blockquote>One percent (195 out of 20,285) of the published articles contained 668 dose-response relationships that met the entry criteria.</blockquote> |
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− | The [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry biochemical] [[mechanisms]] by which ''hormesis'' works are not well [[understood]]. It is conjectured that low doses of toxins or other [[stress]]ors might [[activate]] the repair [[mechanisms]] of the [[body]]. The repair [[process]] fixes not only the damage caused by the toxin, but also other low-level damage that might have accumulated before without triggering the repair [[mechanism]].[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormesis] | + | The [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry biochemical] [[mechanisms]] by which ''hormesis'' works are not well [[understood]]. It is conjectured that low doses of toxins or other [[stress]]ors might [[activate]] the repair [[mechanisms]] of the [[body]]. The repair [[process]] fixes not only the damage caused by the toxin, but also other low-level damage that might have accumulated before without triggering the repair [[mechanism]].[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormesis] |
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| [[Category: Psychology]] | | [[Category: Psychology]] |
| [[Category: Biology]] | | [[Category: Biology]] |