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[[Image:The_Riddle_of_Gender_2.jpg|right|frame|<center>ISBN 978-0-385-72197-4</center>]]
[[Image:The_Riddle_of_Gender_2.jpg|right|frame|<center>ISBN 978-0-385-72197-4</center>]]
'''Gender''' identity is referred to as "an individual's self-conception as being male or female, as distinguished from actual biological [[sex]]."[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9036351 Gender Identity]. Although ''gender'' is commonly used interchangeably with ''[[sex]]'', within the [[Social Sciences]] it often refers to specifically [[Sociology|social]] differences, known as ''gender roles'' in the [[Biology|biological]] sciences. Historically, [[feminism]] has posited that many gender roles are socially constructed, and lack a clear biological explanation. People whose gender identity feels incongruent with their physical bodies may call themselves ''[[transgender]]'' or ''[[genderqueer]]''.
'''Gender''' identity is referred to as "an individual's self-conception as being male or female, as distinguished from actual biological [[sex]]."[https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9036351 Gender Identity]. Although ''gender'' is commonly used interchangeably with ''[[sex]]'', within the [[Social Sciences]] it often refers to specifically [[Sociology|social]] differences, known as ''gender roles'' in the [[Biology|biological]] sciences. Historically, [[feminism]] has posited that many gender roles are socially constructed, and lack a clear biological explanation. People whose gender identity feels incongruent with their physical bodies may call themselves ''[[transgender]]'' or ''[[genderqueer]]''.
Many languages have a system of grammatical gender, a type of noun class system — nouns may be classified as ''masculine'' or ''feminine'' (for example Spanish, Hebrew, Arabic and French) and may also have a ''neuter'' grammatical gender (for example [[Sanskrit]], German, Polish, and the Scandinavian languages). In such languages, this is essentially a convention, which may have little or no connection to the meaning of the words. Likewise, a wide variety of phenomena have characteristics termed ''gender'', by analogy with [[male]] and [[female]] bodies or due to societal norms.
Many languages have a system of grammatical gender, a type of noun class system — nouns may be classified as ''masculine'' or ''feminine'' (for example Spanish, Hebrew, Arabic and French) and may also have a ''neuter'' grammatical gender (for example [[Sanskrit]], German, Polish, and the Scandinavian languages). In such languages, this is essentially a convention, which may have little or no connection to the meaning of the words. Likewise, a wide variety of phenomena have characteristics termed ''gender'', by analogy with [[male]] and [[female]] bodies or due to societal norms.
=====As kind=====
=====As kind=====
The word ''gender'' comes from the [[Middle English]] ''gendre'', a loanword from Norman-conquest-era Old French. This, in turn, came from [[Latin]] '':la:genus''. Both words mean 'kind', 'type', or 'sort'. They derive ultimately from a widely attested Proto-Indo-European root ''g<sup>e</sup>n-'',
The word ''gender'' comes from the [[Middle English]] ''gendre'', a loanword from Norman-conquest-era Old French. This, in turn, came from [[Latin]] '':la:genus''. Both words mean 'kind', 'type', or 'sort'. They derive ultimately from a widely attested Proto-Indo-European root ''g<sup>e</sup>n-'',
[http://www.indo-european.nl/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=leiden&morpho=0&basename=\data\ie\pokorny&first=651 'gen'],
[https://www.indo-european.nl/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=leiden&morpho=0&basename=\data\ie\pokorny&first=651 'gen'],
[http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/IE143.html 'gen<sup>ə</sup>-',] in 'Appendix I: Indo-European Roots', to ''The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language'', Fourth Edition
[https://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/IE143.html 'gen<sup>ə</sup>-',] in 'Appendix I: Indo-European Roots', to ''The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language'', Fourth Edition
which is also the source of ''kin'', ''kind'', ''king'', and many other English words.
which is also the source of ''kin'', ''kind'', ''king'', and many other English words.
Your Dictionary.com, [http://www.yourdictionary.com/ahd/roots/zzg00600.html 'Gen',] reformatted from AHD.
Your Dictionary.com, [https://www.yourdictionary.com/ahd/roots/zzg00600.html 'Gen',] reformatted from AHD.
It appears in Modern French in the word ''[[genre]]'' (type, kind, also '':fr:genre sexuel'') and is related to the Greek root ''gen-'' (to produce), appearing in ''[[gene]]'', ''[[genesis]]'', and ''[[oxygen]]''. As a verb, it means ''breed'' in the King James [[Bible]]:
It appears in Modern French in the word ''[[genre]]'' (type, kind, also '':fr:genre sexuel'') and is related to the Greek root ''gen-'' (to produce), appearing in ''[[gene]]'', ''[[genesis]]'', and ''[[oxygen]]''. As a verb, it means ''breed'' in the King James [[Bible]]:
*'''1616''': Thou shalt not let thy cattle '''gender''' with a diverse kind — Leviticus 19:19.
*'''1616''': Thou shalt not let thy cattle '''gender''' with a diverse kind — Leviticus 19:19.
*'''1768''': I may add the '''gender''' too of the person I am to govern — Laurence Sterne, ''A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy''.
*'''1768''': I may add the '''gender''' too of the person I am to govern — Laurence Sterne, ''A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy''.
*'''1859''': Black divinities of the feminine '''gender''' — [[Charles Dickens]], ''A Tale of Two Cities''.
*'''1859''': Black divinities of the feminine '''gender''' — [[Charles Dickens]], ''A Tale of Two Cities''.
*'''1874''': It is exactly as if there were a sex in mountains, and their contours and curves and complexions were here all of the feminine '''gender''' — [[Henry James]], [http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=ABK2934-0033-31 'A Chain of Italian Cities, ''The Atlantic Monthly'' '''33''' (February, p. 162.)
*'''1874''': It is exactly as if there were a sex in mountains, and their contours and curves and complexions were here all of the feminine '''gender''' — [[Henry James]], [https://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=ABK2934-0033-31 'A Chain of Italian Cities, ''The Atlantic Monthly'' '''33''' (February, p. 162.)
*'''1892''': She was uncertain as to his '''gender''' — Robert Grant, [http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=AFR7379-0011-43 'Reflections of a Married Man'] ''Scribner's Magazine'' '''11''' (March, p. 376.)
*'''1892''': She was uncertain as to his '''gender''' — Robert Grant, [https://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=AFR7379-0011-43 'Reflections of a Married Man'] ''Scribner's Magazine'' '''11''' (March, p. 376.)
*'''1896''': As to one's success in the work one does, surely that is not a question of '''gender''' either — ''News Chronicle"
*'''1896''': As to one's success in the work one does, surely that is not a question of '''gender''' either — ''News Chronicle"
*''c''. '''1900''': Our most lively impression is that the sun is there assumed to be of the feminine '''gender''' — [[Henry James]], ''Essays on Literature''.
*''c''. '''1900''': Our most lively impression is that the sun is there assumed to be of the feminine '''gender''' — [[Henry James]], ''Essays on Literature''.
:Polytonic - τὰ γένη τῶν ὀνομάτων ἄρρενα καὶ θήλεα καὶ σκεύη}}
:Polytonic - τὰ γένη τῶν ὀνομάτων ἄρρενα καὶ θήλεα καὶ σκεύη}}
:The classes (''genē'') of the nouns are males, females and things.
:The classes (''genē'') of the nouns are males, females and things.
"A fourth rule is to observe Protagoras' classification of nouns into male, female and inanimate." Aristotle, [http://books.google.com/books?id=V_IMCohto0YC&pg=PA127&dq=%22A+fourth+rule+is+to+observe+Protagoras%27+classification+of+nouns+into+male,+female+and%22&sig=Wg2rcesYtvK9vOmolAPnzKqjZaQ ''Rhetoric'',] translated by William Rhys Roberts (1858–1929), (reprinted ISBN 9780486437934
"A fourth rule is to observe Protagoras' classification of nouns into male, female and inanimate." Aristotle, [https://books.google.com/books?id=V_IMCohto0YC&pg=PA127&dq=%22A+fourth+rule+is+to+observe+Protagoras%27+classification+of+nouns+into+male,+female+and%22&sig=Wg2rcesYtvK9vOmolAPnzKqjZaQ ''Rhetoric'',] translated by William Rhys Roberts (1858–1929), (reprinted ISBN 9780486437934
::— Aristotle, ''The Technique of Rhetoric'' III v
::— Aristotle, ''The Technique of Rhetoric'' III v
The words for this concept are not related to ''g<sup>e</sup>n-'' in all Indo-European languages (for example, ''rod'' in Slavic languages).
The words for this concept are not related to ''g<sup>e</sup>n-'' in all Indo-European languages (for example, ''rod'' in Slavic languages).
The theory was that human nature is essentially [[epicene]] and social distinctions based on sex are arbitrarily constructed.
The theory was that human nature is essentially [[epicene]] and social distinctions based on sex are arbitrarily constructed.
Matters pertaining to this theoretical process of social construction were labelled matters of ''gender''.
Matters pertaining to this theoretical process of social construction were labelled matters of ''gender''.
*'''1998''': Today a return to separate single-sex schools may hasten the revival of separate '''gender''' roles. — Wendy Kaminer, [http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/prem/199804/single-sex 'The Trouble with Single-Sex Schools',] ''The Atlantic Monthly'' (April).
*'''1998''': Today a return to separate single-sex schools may hasten the revival of separate '''gender''' roles. — Wendy Kaminer, [https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/prem/199804/single-sex 'The Trouble with Single-Sex Schools',] ''The Atlantic Monthly'' (April).
The American Heritage Dictionary uses the following two sentences to illustrate the difference, noting that the distinction "is useful in principle, but it is by no means widely observed, and considerable variation in usage occurs at all levels."difference" [http://www.bartleby.com/61/59/G0075900.html Usage note: ''Gender'',] ''The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language'', Fourth Edition, (2000).
The American Heritage Dictionary uses the following two sentences to illustrate the difference, noting that the distinction "is useful in principle, but it is by no means widely observed, and considerable variation in usage occurs at all levels."difference" [https://www.bartleby.com/61/59/G0075900.html Usage note: ''Gender'',] ''The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language'', Fourth Edition, (2000).
*'''2000''': The effectiveness of the medication appears to depend on the sex ''(not gender)'' of the patient.
*'''2000''': The effectiveness of the medication appears to depend on the sex ''(not gender)'' of the patient.
*'''2000''': In peasant societies, gender ''(not sex)'' roles are likely to be more clearly defined.
*'''2000''': In peasant societies, gender ''(not sex)'' roles are likely to be more clearly defined.
In the last two decades of the 20th century, the use of ''gender'' in academia increased greatly,
In the last two decades of the 20th century, the use of ''gender'' in academia increased greatly,
outnumbering uses of ''sex'' in the social sciences.
outnumbering uses of ''sex'' in the social sciences.
David Haig, 'The Inexorable Rise of Gender and the Decline of Sex: Social Change in Academic Titles, 1945–2001', ''Archives of Sexual Behavior'' '''33''' (2004): 87–96. Online at [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15146141&dopt=AbstractPlus PubMed] and [http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=GtbNdhyGCTsmKCp9hbB15R8Gp0n9nGrhGXRTJvWqznyxt6P9TJqj!-1974612346?docId=5008024679 Questia].
David Haig, 'The Inexorable Rise of Gender and the Decline of Sex: Social Change in Academic Titles, 1945–2001', ''Archives of Sexual Behavior'' '''33''' (2004): 87–96. Online at [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15146141&dopt=AbstractPlus PubMed] and [https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=GtbNdhyGCTsmKCp9hbB15R8Gp0n9nGrhGXRTJvWqznyxt6P9TJqj!-1974612346?docId=5008024679 Questia].
Frequently, but not exclusively, this indicates acceptance of the feminist theory of human nature.
Frequently, but not exclusively, this indicates acceptance of the feminist theory of human nature.
However, in many instances, the term ''gender'' still refers to sexual distinction generally without such an assumption.
However, in many instances, the term ''gender'' still refers to sexual distinction generally without such an assumption.
"In the Teutonic word, as in Latin ''genus'' and Greek γένος three main senses appear, (1) race or stock, (2) class or kind,
"In the Teutonic word, as in Latin ''genus'' and Greek γένος three main senses appear, (1) race or stock, (2) class or kind,
(3) gender or sex ; the last, found in OE. and early ME., but not later, is the only sense in mod. Du., Da., and Sw." 'kin', in [[Oxford English Dictionary]].
(3) gender or sex ; the last, found in OE. and early ME., but not later, is the only sense in mod. Du., Da., and Sw." 'kin', in [[Oxford English Dictionary]].
It has three common applications in contemporary English. Most commonly it is applied to the general differences between men and women, without any assumptions regarding biology or sociology. Sometimes however, the usage is technical or assumes a particular theory of human nature, this is always clear from the context. Finally the same word, ''gender'', is also commonly applied to the independent concept of distinctive word categories in certain languages. Grammatical gender has little or nothing to do with differences between men and women. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/]
It has three common applications in contemporary English. Most commonly it is applied to the general differences between men and women, without any assumptions regarding biology or sociology. Sometimes however, the usage is technical or assumes a particular theory of human nature, this is always clear from the context. Finally the same word, ''gender'', is also commonly applied to the independent concept of distinctive word categories in certain languages. Grammatical gender has little or nothing to do with differences between men and women. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/]
==Quote==
==Quote==
Men and women need each other in their [[morontia]]l and [[spiritual]] as well as in their mortal careers. The differences in viewpoint between [[male]] and [[female]] persist even beyond the first life and throughout the [[Local Universe|local]] and [[superuniverse]] ascensions. And even in [[Havona]], the pilgrims who were once men and women will still be aiding each other in the [[Paradise]] ascent. Never, even in the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_31 Corps of the Finality], will the creature metamorphose so far as to obliterate the [[personality]] trends that humans call male and female; always will these two basic variations of humankind continue to intrigue, stimulate, encourage, and assist each other; always will they be mutually dependent on co-operation in the solution of perplexing universe problems and in the overcoming of manifold cosmic difficulties.[http://urantia.org/cgi-bin/webglimpse/mfs/usr/local/www/data/papers?link=http://mercy.urantia.org/papers/paper84.html&file=/usr/local/www/data/papers/paper84.html&line=135#mfs]
Men and women need each other in their [[morontia]]l and [[spiritual]] as well as in their mortal careers. The differences in viewpoint between [[male]] and [[female]] persist even beyond the first life and throughout the [[Local Universe|local]] and [[superuniverse]] ascensions. And even in [[Havona]], the pilgrims who were once men and women will still be aiding each other in the [[Paradise]] ascent. Never, even in the [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_31 Corps of the Finality], will the creature metamorphose so far as to obliterate the [[personality]] trends that humans call male and female; always will these two basic variations of humankind continue to intrigue, stimulate, encourage, and assist each other; always will they be mutually dependent on co-operation in the solution of perplexing universe problems and in the overcoming of manifold cosmic difficulties.[https://urantia.org/cgi-bin/webglimpse/mfs/usr/local/www/data/papers?link=https://mercy.urantia.org/papers/paper84.html&file=/usr/local/www/data/papers/paper84.html&line=135#mfs]
[[Category: General Reference]]
[[Category: General Reference]]
[[Category: Psychology]]
[[Category: Psychology]]
[[Category: Languages and Literature]]
[[Category: Languages and Literature]]