Changes

==Origin==

==Origin==

French impression (13th cent.), [[Latin]] ''impressiōn-em'' (in classical Latin common only in the sense of ‘''irruption, onset, attack''’, but used by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero Cicero] for ‘[[emphasis]]’ and ‘mental impression’, and in later Latin for ‘[[action]] of impressing or stamping’)

French impression (13th cent.), [[Latin]] ''impressiōn-em'' (in classical Latin common only in the sense of ‘''irruption, onset, attack''’, but used by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero Cicero] for ‘[[emphasis]]’ and ‘mental impression’, and in later Latin for ‘[[action]] of impressing or stamping’)

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_century 13th Century]

*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_century 13th Century]

==Definitions==

==Definitions==

*1a : a characteristic, [[trait]], or feature resulting from some [[influence]] <the impression on [[behavior]] produced by the [[social]] [[milieu]]>  

*1a : a characteristic, [[trait]], or feature resulting from some [[influence]] <the impression on [[behavior]] produced by the [[social]] [[milieu]]>  

*7: an imitation or [[representation]] of salient features in an artistic or theatrical [[medium]]; especially : an imitation in caricature of a noted [[personality]] as a form of theatrical [[entertainment]]

*7: an imitation or [[representation]] of salient features in an artistic or theatrical [[medium]]; especially : an imitation in caricature of a noted [[personality]] as a form of theatrical [[entertainment]]

==Description==

==Description==

In [[sociology]] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_psychology social psychology], '''impression management''' is a goal-directed [[conscious]] or unconscious [[process]] in which people attempt to [[influence]] the [[perceptions]] of other people about a person, object or [[event]]; they do so by regulating and controlling [[information]] in social [[interaction]] (Piwinger & Ebert 2001, pp. 1–2). It is usually used synonymously with self-presentation, in which a [[person]] tries to [[influence]] the [[perception]] of their [[image]]. The notion of impression management also refers to [[practices]] in professional [[communication]] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations public relations], where the term is used to describe the process of formation of a company's or [[organization]]'s [[public]] [[image]].

In [[sociology]] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_psychology social psychology], '''impression management''' is a goal-directed [[conscious]] or unconscious [[process]] in which people attempt to [[influence]] the [[perceptions]] of other people about a person, object or [[event]]; they do so by regulating and controlling [[information]] in social [[interaction]] (Piwinger & Ebert 2001, pp. 1–2). It is usually used synonymously with self-presentation, in which a [[person]] tries to [[influence]] the [[perception]] of their [[image]]. The notion of impression management also refers to [[practices]] in professional [[communication]] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations public relations], where the term is used to describe the process of formation of a company's or [[organization]]'s [[public]] [[image]].

==Motives and strategies==

==Motives and strategies==

There are two main [[motives]] that govern self-presentation. One is instrumental: we want to [[influence]] others and gain rewards (Schlenker 1980, pp. 92). There are three instrumental goals. The first is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingratiation ingratiation], when we try to be [[happy]] and display our [[good]] [[qualities]] so that others will like us (Schlenker 1980, pp. 169). The second is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intimidation intimidation], which is aggressively showing [[anger]] to get others to hear and [[obey]] us. The third is supplication, when we try to be vulnerable and sad so people will help us and [[feel]] bad for us.

There are two main [[motives]] that govern self-presentation. One is instrumental: we want to [[influence]] others and gain rewards (Schlenker 1980, pp. 92). There are three instrumental goals. The first is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingratiation ingratiation], when we try to be [[happy]] and display our [[good]] [[qualities]] so that others will like us (Schlenker 1980, pp. 169). The second is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intimidation intimidation], which is aggressively showing [[anger]] to get others to hear and [[obey]] us. The third is supplication, when we try to be vulnerable and sad so people will help us and [[feel]] bad for us.

The second [[motive]] of self-presentation is [[expressive]]. We construct an image of ourselves to claim [[personal]] [[identity]], and present ourselves in a [[manner]] that is consistent with that image. If we feel like this is restricted, we exhibit reactance/be defiant. We try to [[assert]] our [[freedom]] against those who would seek to curtail our self-presentation expressiveness. A [[classic]] example is the [[idea]] of the "preacher’s daughter", whose suppressed [[personal]] [[identity]] and [[emotions]] cause an eventual backlash at her [[family]] and [[community]].

The second [[motive]] of self-presentation is [[expressive]]. We construct an image of ourselves to claim [[personal]] [[identity]], and present ourselves in a [[manner]] that is consistent with that image. If we feel like this is restricted, we exhibit reactance/be defiant. We try to [[assert]] our [[freedom]] against those who would seek to curtail our self-presentation expressiveness. A [[classic]] example is the [[idea]] of the "preacher’s daughter", whose suppressed [[personal]] [[identity]] and [[emotions]] cause an eventual backlash at her [[family]] and [[community]].

Concerning the [[strategies]] followed to establish a certain impression, the main distinction is between defensive and assertive strategies. Whereas defensive strategies include [[behaviours]] like avoidance of threatening situations or means of [[self]]-[[handicapping]], assertive strategies refer to more active behaviour like the verbal idealisation of the [[self]], the use of [[status]] [[symbols]] or similar [[practices]].

Concerning the [[strategies]] followed to establish a certain impression, the main distinction is between defensive and assertive strategies. Whereas defensive strategies include [[behaviours]] like avoidance of threatening situations or means of [[self]]-[[handicapping]], assertive strategies refer to more active behaviour like the verbal idealisation of the [[self]], the use of [[status]] [[symbols]] or similar [[practices]].

==Theory==

==Theory==

Impression management (IM) [[theory]] states that any [[individual]] or [[organization]] must [[establish]] and maintain impressions that are congruent with the [[perceptions]] they want to convey to their [[public]]s. From both a [[communications]] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations public relations] [[viewpoint]], the theory of impression management [[encompasses]] the [[vital]] ways in which one establishes and communicates this congruence between personal or organizational goals and their intended [[actions]] which create [[public]] [[perception]].

Impression management (IM) [[theory]] states that any [[individual]] or [[organization]] must [[establish]] and maintain impressions that are congruent with the [[perceptions]] they want to convey to their [[public]]s. From both a [[communications]] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations public relations] [[viewpoint]], the theory of impression management [[encompasses]] the [[vital]] ways in which one establishes and communicates this congruence between personal or organizational goals and their intended [[actions]] which create [[public]] [[perception]].

The [[idea]] that [[perception]] is [[reality]] is the basis for this [[sociological]] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_psychology social psychology] theory, which is framed around the [[presumption]] that the other’s perceptions of you or your [[organization]] become the [[reality]] from which they form [[ideas]] and the basis for intended [[behaviors]].

The [[idea]] that [[perception]] is [[reality]] is the basis for this [[sociological]] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_psychology social psychology] theory, which is framed around the [[presumption]] that the other’s perceptions of you or your [[organization]] become the [[reality]] from which they form [[ideas]] and the basis for intended [[behaviors]].