Line 153: |
Line 153: |
| ===Tolerating the impossible=== | | ===Tolerating the impossible=== |
| | | |
− | Closely related to questions arising from the paradoxes of implication comes the radical suggestion that logic ought to tolerate [[inconsistency]]. [[Relevance logic]] and [[paraconsistent logic]] are the most important approaches here, though the concerns are different: a key consequence of [[classical logic]] and some of its rivals, such as [[intuitionistic logic]], is that they respect the [[principle of explosion]], which means that the logic collapses if it is capable of deriving a contradiction. [[Graham Priest]], the main proponent of [[dialetheism]], has argued for paraconsistency on the grounds that there are in fact, true contradictions.[[Graham Priest|Priest, Graham]] (2004), "Dialetheism", ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', Edward N. Zalta (ed.), http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/dialetheism. | + | Closely related to questions arising from the paradoxes of implication comes the radical suggestion that logic ought to tolerate [[inconsistency]]. [[Relevance logic]] and [[paraconsistent logic]] are the most important approaches here, though the concerns are different: a key consequence of [[classical logic]] and some of its rivals, such as [[intuitionistic logic]], is that they respect the [[principle of explosion]], which means that the logic collapses if it is capable of deriving a contradiction. [[Graham Priest]], the main proponent of [[dialetheism]], has argued for paraconsistency on the grounds that there are in fact, true contradictions.[[Graham Priest|Priest, Graham]] (2004), "Dialetheism", ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', Edward N. Zalta (ed.), https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/dialetheism. |
| | | |
| ===Is logic empirical?=== | | ===Is logic empirical?=== |
Line 167: |
Line 167: |
| * Gabbay, D.M., and Guenthner, F. (eds., 2001-2005), ''Handbook of Philosophical Logic'', 13 vols., 2nd edition, Kluwer Publishers, Dordrecht. | | * Gabbay, D.M., and Guenthner, F. (eds., 2001-2005), ''Handbook of Philosophical Logic'', 13 vols., 2nd edition, Kluwer Publishers, Dordrecht. |
| * [[Vincent F. Hendricks]], ''Thought 2 Talk: A Crash Course in Reflection and Expression'', New York: Automatic Press / VIP, 2005, ISBN 87-991013-7-8. | | * [[Vincent F. Hendricks]], ''Thought 2 Talk: A Crash Course in Reflection and Expression'', New York: Automatic Press / VIP, 2005, ISBN 87-991013-7-8. |
− | * [[David Hilbert|Hilbert, D.]], and [[Wilhelm Ackermann|Ackermann, W]]. (1928), ''Grundzüge der theoretischen Logik'' (''[[Principles of Theoretical Logic]]''), Springer-Verlag. [http://worldcat.org/oclc/2085765 OCLC 2085765] | + | * [[David Hilbert|Hilbert, D.]], and [[Wilhelm Ackermann|Ackermann, W]]. (1928), ''Grundzüge der theoretischen Logik'' (''[[Principles of Theoretical Logic]]''), Springer-Verlag. [https://worldcat.org/oclc/2085765 OCLC 2085765] |
| * Hodges, W. (2001), ''Logic. An introduction to Elementary Logic'', Penguin Books. | | * Hodges, W. (2001), ''Logic. An introduction to Elementary Logic'', Penguin Books. |
− | * Hofweber, T. (2004), "Logic and Ontology", ''[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]'', [[Edward N. Zalta]] (ed.), [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-ontology/ Eprint]. | + | * Hofweber, T. (2004), "Logic and Ontology", ''[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]'', [[Edward N. Zalta]] (ed.), [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-ontology/ Eprint]. |
| * Hughes, R.I.G. (ed., 1993), ''A Philosophical Companion to First-Order Logic'', Hackett Publishing. | | * Hughes, R.I.G. (ed., 1993), ''A Philosophical Companion to First-Order Logic'', Hackett Publishing. |
| * [[William Kneale|Kneale, William]], and [[Martha Kneale|Kneale, Martha]], (1962), ''The Development of Logic'', Oxford University Press, London, UK. | | * [[William Kneale|Kneale, William]], and [[Martha Kneale|Kneale, Martha]], (1962), ''The Development of Logic'', Oxford University Press, London, UK. |
− | * Mendelson, Elliott (1964), ''Introduction to Mathematical Logic'', Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole Advanced Books & Software, Monterey, Calif. [http://worldcat.org/oclc/13580200 OCLC 13580200] | + | * Mendelson, Elliott (1964), ''Introduction to Mathematical Logic'', Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole Advanced Books & Software, Monterey, Calif. [https://worldcat.org/oclc/13580200 OCLC 13580200] |
| * [[Barry Smith|Smith, B.]] (1989), "Logic and the Sachverhalt", ''The Monist'' 72(1), 52–69. | | * [[Barry Smith|Smith, B.]] (1989), "Logic and the Sachverhalt", ''The Monist'' 72(1), 52–69. |
− | * [[Alfred North Whitehead|Whitehead, Alfred North]] and [[Bertrand Russell]] (1910), [[Principia Mathematica|''Principia Mathematica'']], The University Press, Cambridge, England. [http://worldcat.org/oclc/1041146 OCLC 1041146] | + | * [[Alfred North Whitehead|Whitehead, Alfred North]] and [[Bertrand Russell]] (1910), [[Principia Mathematica|''Principia Mathematica'']], The University Press, Cambridge, England. [https://worldcat.org/oclc/1041146 OCLC 1041146] |
| | | |
| == Further reading == | | == Further reading == |
− | * The [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/LPSG/ London Philosophy Study Guide] offers many suggestions on what to read, depending on the student's familiarity with the subject: | + | * The [https://www.ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/LPSG/ London Philosophy Study Guide] offers many suggestions on what to read, depending on the student's familiarity with the subject: |
− | **[http://www.ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/LPSG/L&M.htm Logic & Metaphysics] | + | **[https://www.ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/LPSG/L&M.htm Logic & Metaphysics] |
− | **[http://www.ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/LPSG/SetTheory.htm Set Theory and Further Logic] | + | **[https://www.ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/LPSG/SetTheory.htm Set Theory and Further Logic] |
− | **[http://www.ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/LPSG/MathLogic.htm Mathematical Logic] | + | **[https://www.ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/LPSG/MathLogic.htm Mathematical Logic] |
| *[[Lewis Carroll|Carroll, Lewis]] | | *[[Lewis Carroll|Carroll, Lewis]] |
− | **[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/4763 "The Game of Logic"], 1886. [http://www.cut-the-knot.org/LewisCarroll/index.shtml] | + | **[https://www.gutenberg.org/etext/4763 "The Game of Logic"], 1886. [https://www.cut-the-knot.org/LewisCarroll/index.shtml] |
− | **[http://durendal.org:8080/lcsl/ "Symbolic Logic"], 1896. | + | **[https://durendal.org:8080/lcsl/ "Symbolic Logic"], 1896. |
| *Samuel D. Guttenplan, Samuel D., Tamny, Martin, "Logic, a Comprehensive Introduction", Basic Books, 1971. | | *Samuel D. Guttenplan, Samuel D., Tamny, Martin, "Logic, a Comprehensive Introduction", Basic Books, 1971. |
| *[[Michael Scriven|Scriven, Michael]], "Reasoning", McGraw-Hill, 1976, ISBN 0-07-055882-5 | | *[[Michael Scriven|Scriven, Michael]], "Reasoning", McGraw-Hill, 1976, ISBN 0-07-055882-5 |
Line 190: |
Line 190: |
| | | |
| ==External links== | | ==External links== |
− | * ''[http://www.galilean-library.org/int4.html An Introduction to Philosophical Logic]'', by Paul Newall, aimed at beginners | + | * ''[https://www.galilean-library.org/int4.html An Introduction to Philosophical Logic]'', by Paul Newall, aimed at beginners |
− | * ''[http://www.fecundity.com/logic/ forall x: an introduction to formal logic]'', by P.D. Magnus, covers sentential and quantified logic | + | * ''[https://www.fecundity.com/logic/ forall x: an introduction to formal logic]'', by P.D. Magnus, covers sentential and quantified logic |
− | * ''[http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/courses/log/transtip.htm Translation Tips]'', by Peter Suber, for translating from English into logical notation | + | * ''[https://www.earlham.edu/~peters/courses/log/transtip.htm Translation Tips]'', by Peter Suber, for translating from English into logical notation |
− | * [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/DicHist/analytic/anaVII.html Math & Logic: The history of formal mathematical, logical, linguistic and methodological ideas.] In ''The Dictionary of the History of Ideas.'' | + | * [https://etext.lib.virginia.edu/DicHist/analytic/anaVII.html Math & Logic: The history of formal mathematical, logical, linguistic and methodological ideas.] In ''The Dictionary of the History of Ideas.'' |
− | * ''[http://www.think-logically.co.uk/lt.htm]'' Test your logic skills | + | * ''[https://www.think-logically.co.uk/lt.htm]'' Test your logic skills |
− | * ''[http://kpaprzycka.swps.edu.pl/xLogicSelfTaught/LogicSelfTaught.html Logic Self-Taught: A Workbook]'' (originally prepared for on-line logic instruction) | + | * ''[https://kpaprzycka.swps.edu.pl/xLogicSelfTaught/LogicSelfTaught.html Logic Self-Taught: A Workbook]'' (originally prepared for on-line logic instruction) |
| | | |
| [[Category: General Reference]] | | [[Category: General Reference]] |
| [[Category: Logic]] | | [[Category: Logic]] |