Changes

== Publishing ==

== Publishing ==

Academic publishing describes a system that is necessary in order for academics to authenticate their work through [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_review peer review]] before making the work available for a wider audience. The 'system', which is probably disorganised enough not to merit the title, varies widely by field, and is also always changing, if often slowly. Most academic work is published in journal article or book form. In publishing, STM publishing is an abbreviation for academic publications in [[science]], technology, and medicine.

Academic publishing describes a system that is necessary in order for academics to authenticate their work through [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_review peer review]] before making the work available for a wider audience. The 'system', which is probably disorganised enough not to merit the title, varies widely by field, and is also always changing, if often slowly. Most academic work is published in journal article or book form. In publishing, STM publishing is an abbreviation for academic publications in [[science]], technology, and medicine.

Most established academic fields have their own journals and other outlets for publication, though many academic journals are somewhat interdisciplinary, and publish work from several distinct fields or subfields. The kinds of publications that are accepted as contributions of knowledge or research vary greatly between fields.

Most established academic fields have their own journals and other outlets for publication, though many academic journals are somewhat interdisciplinary, and publish work from several distinct fields or subfields. The kinds of publications that are accepted as contributions of knowledge or research vary greatly between fields.

Academic publishing is undergoing major changes, emerging from the transition from the print to the electronic format. Business models are different in the electronic environment. Since about the early 1990s, licensing of electronic resources, particularly journals, has been very common. Presently, a major trend, particularly with respect to scholarly journals, is [http://www.indexdata.dk/opencontent/ open access]]. There are two main forms of open access: open access publishing, in which the articles or the whole journal is freely available from the time of publication, and self-archiving, where the author makes a copy of their own work freely available on the web.

Academic publishing is undergoing major changes, emerging from the transition from the print to the electronic format. Business models are different in the electronic environment. Since about the early 1990s, licensing of electronic resources, particularly journals, has been very common. Presently, a major trend, particularly with respect to scholarly journals, is [https://www.indexdata.dk/opencontent/ open access]]. There are two main forms of open access: open access publishing, in which the articles or the whole journal is freely available from the time of publication, and self-archiving, where the author makes a copy of their own work freely available on the web.

== Research funding ==

== Research funding ==

Most funding for scientific research comes from two major sources, corporations (through research and development departments) and government (primarily through universities and in many cases through military contractors). Many senior researchers (such as [[group]] leaders) spend more than a trivial amount of their time applying for grants for research funds. These grants are necessary not only for researchers to carry out their research, but also as a source of merit. Some faculty positions require that the holder has received grants from certain institutions, such as the US [http://www.nih.gov/ National Institutes of Health] (NIH). Government-sponsored grants (e.g. from the NIH, the National Health Service in Britain or any of the European research councils) generally have a high status.

Most funding for scientific research comes from two major sources, corporations (through research and development departments) and government (primarily through universities and in many cases through military contractors). Many senior researchers (such as [[group]] leaders) spend more than a trivial amount of their time applying for grants for research funds. These grants are necessary not only for researchers to carry out their research, but also as a source of merit. Some faculty positions require that the holder has received grants from certain institutions, such as the US [https://www.nih.gov/ National Institutes of Health] (NIH). Government-sponsored grants (e.g. from the NIH, the National Health Service in Britain or any of the European research councils) generally have a high status.

== Etymology ==

== Etymology ==

== External links ==

== External links ==

* [http://www.eirma.org European Industrial Research Management Association]

* [https://www.eirma.org European Industrial Research Management Association]

* [http://www.iriinc.org Industrial Research Institute]

* [https://www.iriinc.org Industrial Research Institute]

* [http://www.researchiscool.com Research jobs & research-related social networking]

* [https://www.researchiscool.com Research jobs & research-related social networking]

* [http://resources.jacobrcampbell.com/research+methods.php Social Research Methods and Examples]

* [https://resources.jacobrcampbell.com/research+methods.php Social Research Methods and Examples]

* [http://www.evaluationwiki.org The EvaluationWiki]

* [https://www.evaluationwiki.org The EvaluationWiki]

* [http://www.genevaassociation.org The Geneva Association] (also known as the International Association for the Study of Insurance Economics)

* [https://www.genevaassociation.org The Geneva Association] (also known as the International Association for the Study of Insurance Economics)

* [http://www.associazionericerca.it The Italian Association for Research]

* [https://www.associazionericerca.it The Italian Association for Research]

* [http://www.nlm.nih.gov The US National Library of Medicine]

* [https://www.nlm.nih.gov The US National Library of Medicine]

* [http://www.rcuk.ac.uk/default.htm UK Research Councils]

* [https://www.rcuk.ac.uk/default.htm UK Research Councils]

[[Category:Education]]

[[Category:Education]]