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==Origin==
 
==Origin==
 
[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=English#ca._1100-1500_.09THE_MIDDLE_ENGLISH_PERIOD Middle English] ''soule'', from [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=English#ca._600-1100.09THE_OLD_ENGLISH.2C_OR_ANGLO-SAXON_PERIOD Old English] sāwol; akin to Old High German sēula soul
 
[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=English#ca._1100-1500_.09THE_MIDDLE_ENGLISH_PERIOD Middle English] ''soule'', from [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=English#ca._600-1100.09THE_OLD_ENGLISH.2C_OR_ANGLO-SAXON_PERIOD Old English] sāwol; akin to Old High German sēula soul
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_century 12th Century]
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*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_century 12th Century]
The Modern English [[word]] ''soul'' derived from Old English ''sáwol'', ''sáwel'', first attested to in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_century 8th-century] poem [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf Beowulf] v. 2820 and in the Vespasian Psalter 77.50, and is cognate with other Germanic and Baltic terms for the same idea, including Gothic saiwala, Old High German ''sêula'', ''sêla'', Old Saxon ''sêola'', Old Low Franconian ''sêla'', ''sîla'', Old Norse ''sála'' as well as Lithuanian ''siela''. Further etymology of the Germanic word is [[uncertain]]. A more recent suggestion connects it with a root for "binding", Germanic ''sailian'' (OE sēlian, OHG seilen), related to the notion of being "bound" in death, and the [[practice]] of ritually binding or restraining the corpse of the deceased in the [[grave]] to prevent his or her return as a [[ghost]].
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The Modern English [[word]] ''soul'' derived from Old English ''sáwol'', ''sáwel'', first attested to in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_century 8th-century] poem [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf Beowulf] v. 2820 and in the Vespasian Psalter 77.50, and is cognate with other Germanic and Baltic terms for the same idea, including Gothic saiwala, Old High German ''sêula'', ''sêla'', Old Saxon ''sêola'', Old Low Franconian ''sêla'', ''sîla'', Old Norse ''sála'' as well as Lithuanian ''siela''. Further etymology of the Germanic word is [[uncertain]]. A more recent suggestion connects it with a root for "binding", Germanic ''sailian'' (OE sēlian, OHG seilen), related to the notion of being "bound" in death, and the [[practice]] of ritually binding or restraining the corpse of the deceased in the [[grave]] to prevent his or her return as a [[ghost]].
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The word is probably an adaptation by early missionaries—particularly Ulfilas, [[apostle]] to the Goths during the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_century 3rd century]—of a native Germanic concept, which was a [[translation]] of Greek ψυχή psychē "[[life]], [[spirit]], [[consciousness]]".
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The word is probably an adaptation by early missionaries—particularly Ulfilas, [[apostle]] to the Goths during the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_century 3rd century]—of a native Germanic concept, which was a [[translation]] of Greek ψυχή psychē "[[life]], [[spirit]], [[consciousness]]".
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The [[Greek]] word is derived from a verb "to cool, to blow" and hence refers to the vital [[breath]], the animating principle in humans and other animals, as opposed to σῶμα (soma) meaning "[[body]]". It could refer to a ghost or spirit of the dead in [[Homer]], and to a more philosophical notion of an [[immortal]] and immaterial [[essence]] left over at death since [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindar Pindar]. Latin anima figured as a translation of ψυχή since Terence. Psychē occurs juxtaposed to σῶμα e.g. in [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Gospel_of_Matthew#Chapter_10 Matthew 10:28]:
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The [[Greek]] word is derived from a verb "to cool, to blow" and hence refers to the vital [[breath]], the animating principle in humans and other animals, as opposed to σῶμα (soma) meaning "[[body]]". It could refer to a ghost or spirit of the dead in [[Homer]], and to a more philosophical notion of an [[immortal]] and immaterial [[essence]] left over at death since [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindar Pindar]. Latin anima figured as a translation of ψυχή since Terence. Psychē occurs juxtaposed to σῶμα e.g. in [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Gospel_of_Matthew#Chapter_10 Matthew 10:28]:
    
*καὶ μὴ φοβεῖσθε ἀπὸ τῶν ἀποκτεννόντων τὸ σῶμα, τὴν δὲ ψυχὴν μὴ δυναμένων ἀποκτεῖναι·
 
*καὶ μὴ φοβεῖσθε ἀπὸ τῶν ἀποκτεννόντων τὸ σῶμα, τὴν δὲ ψυχὴν μὴ δυναμένων ἀποκτεῖναι·
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[[Authorized King James Version]] (KJV) "And fear not them which kill the body, but are not able to kill the soul: but rather fear Him which is able to destroy both soul and body in hell."
 
[[Authorized King James Version]] (KJV) "And fear not them which kill the body, but are not able to kill the soul: but rather fear Him which is able to destroy both soul and body in hell."
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In the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint Septuagint] (LXX), ψυχή translates [[Hebrew]] נפש nephesh, meaning "life, vital breath" and specifically refers to a mortal, [[physical]] life, but is in English variously translated as "soul, [[self]], life, creature, person, appetite, mind, living being, [[desire]], [[emotion]], passion"; e.g. in [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_genesis#Chapter_.1 Genesis 1:20]:
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In the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint Septuagint] (LXX), ψυχή translates [[Hebrew]] נפש nephesh, meaning "life, vital breath" and specifically refers to a mortal, [[physical]] life, but is in English variously translated as "soul, [[self]], life, creature, person, appetite, mind, living being, [[desire]], [[emotion]], passion"; e.g. in [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_genesis#Chapter_.1 Genesis 1:20]:
    
* וַיֹּ֣אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֔ים יִשְׁרְצ֣וּ הַמַּ֔יִם שֶׁ֖רֶץ נֶ֣פֶשׁ חַיָּ֑ה
 
* וַיֹּ֣אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֔ים יִשְׁרְצ֣וּ הַמַּ֔יִם שֶׁ֖רֶץ נֶ֣פֶשׁ חַיָּ֑ה
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[[The soul]], in many religious, philosophical and mythological [[traditions]], is the incorporeal and, in many conceptions, [[immortal]] [[essence]] of a living thing. According to the Abrahamic religions in most of their forms, souls—or at least immortal souls—belong only to [[human being]]s. For example, the Catholic theologian [[Thomas Aquinas]] attributed "soul" (anima) to all [[organisms]] but taught that only human souls are immortal. Other religions (most notably Jainism and Hinduism) teach that all biological organisms have souls, and others teach that even non-biological entities (such as [[rivers]] and [[mountains]]) possess souls. This latter belief is called [[animism]].
 
[[The soul]], in many religious, philosophical and mythological [[traditions]], is the incorporeal and, in many conceptions, [[immortal]] [[essence]] of a living thing. According to the Abrahamic religions in most of their forms, souls—or at least immortal souls—belong only to [[human being]]s. For example, the Catholic theologian [[Thomas Aquinas]] attributed "soul" (anima) to all [[organisms]] but taught that only human souls are immortal. Other religions (most notably Jainism and Hinduism) teach that all biological organisms have souls, and others teach that even non-biological entities (such as [[rivers]] and [[mountains]]) possess souls. This latter belief is called [[animism]].
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Greek philosophers such as [[Socrates]], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato Plato] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle Aristotle] understood the psyche (ψυχή) to be crowned with the logical faculty, the exercise of which was the most [[divine]] of human [[actions]]. At his defense trial, Socrates even summarized his teachings as nothing other than an exhortation for his fellow Athenians to firstly excel in matters of the psyche since all bodily goods are dependent on such excellence (The Apology 30a–b).
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Greek philosophers such as [[Socrates]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato Plato] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle Aristotle] understood the psyche (ψυχή) to be crowned with the logical faculty, the exercise of which was the most [[divine]] of human [[actions]]. At his defense trial, Socrates even summarized his teachings as nothing other than an exhortation for his fellow Athenians to firstly excel in matters of the psyche since all bodily goods are dependent on such excellence (The Apology 30a–b).
 
==Quote==
 
==Quote==
 
The [[human]] [[personality]] is identified with [[mind]] and [[spirit]] held together in functional relationship by life in a [[material]] body. This functioning relationship of such mind and spirit does not result in some combination of the qualities or attributes of mind and spirit but rather in an entirely new, original, and unique [[universe]] [[value]] of potentially [[eternal]] endurance, the '''soul'''. ([[111:2]])
 
The [[human]] [[personality]] is identified with [[mind]] and [[spirit]] held together in functional relationship by life in a [[material]] body. This functioning relationship of such mind and spirit does not result in some combination of the qualities or attributes of mind and spirit but rather in an entirely new, original, and unique [[universe]] [[value]] of potentially [[eternal]] endurance, the '''soul'''. ([[111:2]])
    
[[Category: Religion]]
 
[[Category: Religion]]

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