Changes

The study of visual [[illusion]]s (cases when the inference process goes wrong) has yielded much insight into what sort of assumptions the visual system makes.

The study of visual [[illusion]]s (cases when the inference process goes wrong) has yielded much insight into what sort of assumptions the visual system makes.

Another type of the unconscious inference hypothesis (based on probabilities) has recently been revived in so-called [[Bayesian]] studies of visual perception. Proponents of this approach consider that the visual system performs some form of Bayesian inference to derive a perception from sensory data. Models based on this idea have been used to describe various visual subsystems, such as the perception of motion or the perception of depth.[http://www.purveslab.net/research/ A Primer on Probabilistic Approaches to Visual Perception]

Another type of the unconscious inference hypothesis (based on probabilities) has recently been revived in so-called [[Bayesian]] studies of visual perception. Proponents of this approach consider that the visual system performs some form of Bayesian inference to derive a perception from sensory data. Models based on this idea have been used to describe various visual subsystems, such as the perception of motion or the perception of depth.[https://www.purveslab.net/research/ A Primer on Probabilistic Approaches to Visual Perception]

===Gestalt theory===

===Gestalt theory===

==The cognitive and computational approaches==

==The cognitive and computational approaches==

The major problem with the Gestalt laws (and the Gestalt school generally) is that they are ''descriptive'' not ''explanatory''. For example, one cannot explain how humans see continuous contours by simply stating that the brain "prefers good continuity". Computational models of vision have had more success in explaining visual phenomena and have largely superseded Gestalt theory. More recently, the computational models of visual perception have been developed for Virtual Reality systems - these are closer to real life situation as they account for motion and activities which populate the real world.[http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/A.Beeharee/research.htm] Regarding Gestalt influence on the study of visual perception, Bruce, Green & Georgeson conclude:

The major problem with the Gestalt laws (and the Gestalt school generally) is that they are ''descriptive'' not ''explanatory''. For example, one cannot explain how humans see continuous contours by simply stating that the brain "prefers good continuity". Computational models of vision have had more success in explaining visual phenomena and have largely superseded Gestalt theory. More recently, the computational models of visual perception have been developed for Virtual Reality systems - these are closer to real life situation as they account for motion and activities which populate the real world.[https://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/A.Beeharee/research.htm] Regarding Gestalt influence on the study of visual perception, Bruce, Green & Georgeson conclude:

:''"The physiological theory of the Gestaltists has fallen by the wayside, leaving us with a set of descriptive principles, but without a model of perceptual processing. Indeed, some of their "laws" of perceptual organisation today sound vague and inadequate. What is meant by a "good" or "simple" shape, for example?"''  

:''"The physiological theory of the Gestaltists has fallen by the wayside, leaving us with a set of descriptive principles, but without a model of perceptual processing. Indeed, some of their "laws" of perceptual organisation today sound vague and inadequate. What is meant by a "good" or "simple" shape, for example?"''  

==External links==

==External links==

* [http://www.crystalrivers.com/imagery/imagery.html Symbolic Imagery and Artwork Based on Visionary Experience - from Crystalrivers.com]

* [https://www.crystalrivers.com/imagery/imagery.html Symbolic Imagery and Artwork Based on Visionary Experience - from Crystalrivers.com]

* [http://www.leonie.marklew.net Visions Revelations and spiritual artworks]

* [https://www.leonie.marklew.net Visions Revelations and spiritual artworks]

* [http://enane.de/cont.htm Empiristic theory of visual gestalt perception]

* [https://enane.de/cont.htm Empiristic theory of visual gestalt perception]

* [http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Modules/MC10220/visper03.html Visual Perception 3 - Cultural and Environmental Factors]

* [https://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Modules/MC10220/visper03.html Visual Perception 3 - Cultural and Environmental Factors]

* [http://www.sapdesignguild.org/resources/optical_illusions/gestalt_laws.html Gestalt Laws]

* [https://www.sapdesignguild.org/resources/optical_illusions/gestalt_laws.html Gestalt Laws]

*[http://develintel.blogspot.com/2006/01/kosslyns-cognitive-architecture.html Summary of Kosslyn et al.'s theory of high-level vision]

*[https://develintel.blogspot.com/2006/01/kosslyns-cognitive-architecture.html Summary of Kosslyn et al.'s theory of high-level vision]

* [http://webvision.med.utah.edu/ The Organization of the Retina and Visual System]

* [https://webvision.med.utah.edu/ The Organization of the Retina and Visual System]

*[http://dr.trippy.googlepages.com Dr Trippy's Sensorium] A  website dedicated to the study of the human sensorium and organisational behaviour

*[https://dr.trippy.googlepages.com Dr Trippy's Sensorium] A  website dedicated to the study of the human sensorium and organisational behaviour

* [http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/EffectOfDetailOnVisualPerception/ Effect of Detail on Visual Perception] by Jon McLoone, the [[Wolfram Demonstrations Project]].

* [https://demonstrations.wolfram.com/EffectOfDetailOnVisualPerception/ Effect of Detail on Visual Perception] by Jon McLoone, the [[Wolfram Demonstrations Project]].

== References ==

== References ==

# Bradley Steffens (2006). Ibn al-Haytham: First Scientist, Chapter 5. Morgan Reynolds Publishing. ISBN 1599350246.

# Bradley Steffens (2006). Ibn al-Haytham: First Scientist, Chapter 5. Morgan Reynolds Publishing. ISBN 1599350246.

# Hunziker, H. W. (1970). Visuelle Informationsaufnahme und Intelligenz: Eine Untersuchung über die Augenfixationen beim Problemlösen. Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Psychologie und ihre Anwendungen, 1970, 29, Nr 1/2

# Hunziker, H. W. (1970). Visuelle Informationsaufnahme und Intelligenz: Eine Untersuchung über die Augenfixationen beim Problemlösen. Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Psychologie und ihre Anwendungen, 1970, 29, Nr 1/2

# Cohen, A. S. (1983). Informationsaufnahme beim Befahren von Kurven, Psychologie für die Praxis 2/83, Bulletin der Schweizerischen Stiftung für Angewandte Psychologie

# Cohen, A. S. (1983). Informationsaufnahme beim Befahren von Kurven, Psychologie für die Praxis 2/83, Bulletin der Schweizerischen Stiftung für Angewandte Psychologie

# A.K.Beeharee - http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/A.Beeharee/research.htm

# A.K.Beeharee - https://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/A.Beeharee/research.htm

# Bruce, V., Green, P. & Georgeson, M. (1996). Visual perception: Physiology, psychology and ecology (3rd ed.). LEA. pp. 110.  

# Bruce, V., Green, P. & Georgeson, M. (1996). Visual perception: Physiology, psychology and ecology (3rd ed.). LEA. pp. 110.  

# Marr, D (1982). Vision: A Computational Investigation into the Human Representation and Processing of Visual Information. MIT Press.

# Marr, D (1982). Vision: A Computational Investigation into the Human Representation and Processing of Visual Information. MIT Press.