Changes

==Use of the term==

==Use of the term==

The term "Enlightenment" came into use in [[English]] during the mid-nineteenth century,[2] with particular reference to French [[philosophy]], as the equivalent of a term then in use by German writers, Zeitalter der Aufklärung (Age of the clarification), signifying generally the philosophical outlook of the eighteenth century. However, the German term Aufklärung was not merely applied retrospectively; it was already the common term by 1784, when [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Immanuel Kant] published the influential essay "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_is_Enlightenment%3F Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment?]"

The term "Enlightenment" came into use in [[English]] during the mid-nineteenth century,[2] with particular reference to French [[philosophy]], as the equivalent of a term then in use by German writers, Zeitalter der Aufklärung (Age of the clarification), signifying generally the philosophical outlook of the eighteenth century. However, the German term Aufklärung was not merely applied retrospectively; it was already the common term by 1784, when [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Immanuel Kant] published the influential essay "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_is_Enlightenment%3F Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment?]"

The terminology Enlightenment or Age of Enlightenment does not represent a single [[movement]] or school of [[thought]], for these philosophies were often mutually contradictory or divergent. The Enlightenment was less a set of [[ideas]] than it was a set of [[values]]. At its core was a [[critical]] [inquiry|questioning]] of [[traditional]] institutions, customs, and morals. Thus, there was still a considerable degree of similarities between competing philosophies. Also, some philosophical schools of the period could not be considered part of the Enlightenment at all. Some classifications of this period also include the late seventeenth century, which is typically known as the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Reason Age of Reason] or Age of Rationalism.[3]

The terminology Enlightenment or Age of Enlightenment does not represent a single [[movement]] or school of [[thought]], for these philosophies were often mutually contradictory or divergent. The Enlightenment was less a set of [[ideas]] than it was a set of [[values]]. At its core was a [[critical]] [inquiry|questioning]] of [[traditional]] institutions, customs, and morals. Thus, there was still a considerable degree of similarities between competing philosophies. Also, some philosophical schools of the period could not be considered part of the Enlightenment at all. Some classifications of this period also include the late seventeenth century, which is typically known as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Reason Age of Reason] or Age of Rationalism.[3]

==Timespan==

==Timespan==

There is no [[consensus]] on when to date the start of the age of Enlightenment, and some [[scholars]] simply use the beginning of the eighteenth century or the middle of the seventeenth century as a default date.[4] If taken back to the mid-1600s, the Enlightenment would trace its origins to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Descartes Descartes]' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse_on_the_Method Discourse on the Method], published in 1637. Others define the Enlightenment as beginning in Britain's Glorious Revolution of 1688 or with the publication of Isaac Newton's [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophiæ_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica Principia Mathematica]. As to its end, some scholars use the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution French Revolution] of 1789 or the beginning of the Napoleonic Wars (1804–15) as a convenient point in time with which to date the end of the Enlightenment.[5]

There is no [[consensus]] on when to date the start of the age of Enlightenment, and some [[scholars]] simply use the beginning of the eighteenth century or the middle of the seventeenth century as a default date.[4] If taken back to the mid-1600s, the Enlightenment would trace its origins to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Descartes Descartes]' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse_on_the_Method Discourse on the Method], published in 1637. Others define the Enlightenment as beginning in Britain's Glorious Revolution of 1688 or with the publication of Isaac Newton's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophiæ_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica Principia Mathematica]. As to its end, some scholars use the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution French Revolution] of 1789 or the beginning of the Napoleonic Wars (1804–15) as a convenient point in time with which to date the end of the Enlightenment.[5]

==Influence==

==Influence==

Historian [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gay Peter Gay] asserts the Enlightenment broke through "the [[sacred]] [[circle]],"[6] whose [[dogma]] had circumscribed [[thinking]]. The Enlightenment is held to be the source of critical ideas, such as the centrality of [[freedom]], [[democracy]], and [[reason]] as primary [[value]]s of [[society]]. This view argues that the establishment of a contractual basis of rights would lead to the market [[mechanism]] and [[capitalism]], the [[scientific method]], religious [[tolerance]], and the organization of [[state]]s into self-governing republics through democratic means. In this view, the tendency of the philosophes in particular to apply [[rationality]] to every problem is considered the [[essential]] [[change]].

Historian [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gay Peter Gay] asserts the Enlightenment broke through "the [[sacred]] [[circle]],"[6] whose [[dogma]] had circumscribed [[thinking]]. The Enlightenment is held to be the source of critical ideas, such as the centrality of [[freedom]], [[democracy]], and [[reason]] as primary [[value]]s of [[society]]. This view argues that the establishment of a contractual basis of rights would lead to the market [[mechanism]] and [[capitalism]], the [[scientific method]], religious [[tolerance]], and the organization of [[state]]s into self-governing republics through democratic means. In this view, the tendency of the philosophes in particular to apply [[rationality]] to every problem is considered the [[essential]] [[change]].

No brief summary can do [[justice]] to the [[diversity]] of enlightened thought in 18th-century Europe. Because it was a [[value]] [[system]] rather than a set of shared [[belief]]s, there are many contradictory trains to follow. In his famous essay "What is Enlightenment?" (1784), Immanuel Kant described it simply as freedom to use one's own [[intelligence]].[7] More broadly, the Enlightenment period is marked by increasing empiricism, scientific rigor, and reductionism, along with increasing questioning of religious orthodoxy.

No brief summary can do [[justice]] to the [[diversity]] of enlightened thought in 18th-century Europe. Because it was a [[value]] [[system]] rather than a set of shared [[belief]]s, there are many contradictory trains to follow. In his famous essay "What is Enlightenment?" (1784), Immanuel Kant described it simply as freedom to use one's own [[intelligence]].[7] More broadly, the Enlightenment period is marked by increasing empiricism, scientific rigor, and reductionism, along with increasing questioning of religious orthodoxy.

A variety of 19th-century movements, including liberalism and neo-classicism, traced their intellectual heritage back to the Enlightenment.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment]

A variety of 19th-century movements, including liberalism and neo-classicism, traced their intellectual heritage back to the Enlightenment.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment]

==Quote==

==Quote==

We recognize the impossibility of fully [[translating]] the [[language]] of the [[concepts]] of [[divinity]] and [[eternity]] into the [[symbols]] of the language of the [[finite]] concepts of the [[mortal]] [[mind]]. But we know that there dwells within the [[human]] mind a [[fragment of God]], and that there sojourns with the human [[soul]] the [[Spirit of Truth]]; and we further know that these [[spirit]] forces conspire to enable [[material]] man to grasp the [[reality]] of spiritual [[values]] and to comprehend the [[philosophy]] of [[universe]] [[meaning]]s.[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Foreword#ACKNOWLEDGMENT]

We recognize the impossibility of fully [[translating]] the [[language]] of the [[concepts]] of [[divinity]] and [[eternity]] into the [[symbols]] of the language of the [[finite]] concepts of the [[mortal]] [[mind]]. But we know that there dwells within the [[human]] mind a [[fragment of God]], and that there sojourns with the human [[soul]] the [[Spirit of Truth]]; and we further know that these [[spirit]] forces conspire to enable [[material]] man to grasp the [[reality]] of spiritual [[values]] and to comprehend the [[philosophy]] of [[universe]] [[meaning]]s.[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Foreword#ACKNOWLEDGMENT]