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New page: Image:lighterstill.jpg right|thumb|This illustrates in 3-D the actual domains and connections of the world wide web. The '''World Wide Web''' (commonly shor...
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[[Image:Worldwideweb.jpg|right|thumb|This illustrates in 3-D the actual domains and connections of the world wide web.]]
The '''World Wide Web''' (commonly shortened to '''the Web''') is a system of interlinked [[hypertext]] documents accessed via the [[Internet]]. With a [[Web browser]], a user views [[Web page]]s that may contain [[writing|text]], [[image]]s, [[video]]s, and other [[multimedia]] and navigates between them using [[hyperlink]]s. The World Wide Web was created in 1989 by [[Tim Berners-Lee|Sir Tim Berners-Lee]], working at [[CERN]] in [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]]. Since then, Berners-Lee has played an active role in guiding the development of Web standards (such as the [[markup language]]s in which Web pages are composed), and in recent years has advocated his vision of a [[Semantic Web]]. [[Robert Cailliau]], also at [[CERN]], was an early evangelist for the project.
== How the Web works ==
Viewing a [[Web page]] on the World Wide Web normally begins either by typing the [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] of the page into a [[Web browser]], or by following a [[hyperlink]] to that page or resource. The Web browser then initiates a series of communication messages, behind the scenes, in order to fetch and display it.
First, the server-name portion of the URL is resolved into an [[IP address]] using the global, distributed [[Internet]] database known as the [[domain name system]], or DNS. This IP address is necessary to contact and send data [[Packet (information technology)|packets]] to the [[Web server]].
The browser then requests the resource by sending an [[Hypertext Transfer Protocol|HTTP]] request to the Web server at that particular address. In the case of a typical Web page, the [[HTML]] text of the page is requested first and [[Parsing|parsed]] immediately by the Web browser, which will then make additional requests for images and any other files that form a part of the page. Statistics measuring a website's popularity are usually based on the number of '[[page view]]s' or associated server '[[Hit (internet)|hits]]', or file requests, which take place.
Having received the required files from the Web server, the browser then [[Layout engine|renders]] the page onto the screen as specified by its HTML, [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]], and other Web languages. Any images and other resources are incorporated to produce the on-screen Web page that the user sees.
Most Web pages will themselves contain [[hyperlink]]s to other related pages and perhaps to downloads, source documents, definitions and other Web resources. Such a collection of useful, related resources, interconnected via hypertext links, is what was dubbed a "web" of information. Making it available on the Internet created what [[Tim Berners-Lee]] first called the '''WorldWideWeb''' (a term written in [[CamelCase]], subsequently discarded) in 1990."[http://www.w3.org/Proposal.html] WorldWideWeb: Proposal for a HyperText Project]", Tim Berners-Lee & Robert Cailliau, 1990
== History ==
The underlying ideas of the Web can be traced as far back as 1980, when, at [[CERN]] in [[Switzerland]], [[Tim Berners-Lee]] built [[ENQUIRE]] (referring to ''[[Enquire Within Upon Everything]]'', a book he recalled from his youth). While it was rather different from the system in use today, it contained many of the same core ideas (and even some of the ideas of Berners-Lee's next project after the World Wide Web, the [[Semantic Web]]).
In March 1989, Tim Berners-Lee wrote a proposal,<ref>''[http://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html Information Management: A Proposal]''</ref> which referenced ENQUIRE and described a more elaborate information management system. With help from [[Robert Cailliau]], he published a more formal proposal for the World Wide Web on [[November 12]], [[1990]].<ref>[http://www.w3.org/Proposal Proposal for the World Wide Web]</ref> The role model was provided by EBT's (Electronic Book Technology, a spin-off from the
Institute for Research in Information and Scholarship at Brown University) Dynatext SGML reader that CERN had licensed. The [[Dynatext]] system was considered, however technically advanced (a key player in the extension of SGML ISO 8879:1986 to Hypermedia within [[HyTime]]), too expensive and with an inappropriate licensing policy for general HEP (High Energy Physics) community use: a fee for each document and each time a document was charged.
A [[NeXTcube]] was used by Berners-Lee as the world's first [[Web server]] and also to write the first [[Web browser]], [[WorldWideWeb]], in 1990. By Christmas 1990, Berners-Lee had built all the tools necessary for a working Web:<ref>[http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/WorldWideWeb Tim Berners-Lee: WorldWideWeb, the first Web client the [[WorldWideWeb|first Web browser]] (which was a Web editor as well), the first Web server, and the first Web pages [http://www.w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html] First Web pages] which described the project itself.
On [[August 6]], [[1991]], he posted a short summary of the World Wide Web project on the <tt>alt.hypertext</tt> [[newsgroup]].[http://groups.google.com/group/alt.hypertext/msg/395f282a67a1916c Short summary of the World Wide Web project]</ref> This date also marked the debut of the Web as a publicly available service on the Internet.
First server outside of Europe was created at [[SLAC]] in December 1991 [http://www.slac.stanford.edu/history/earlyweb/history.shtml] The Early World Wide Web at SLAC: Early Chronology and Documents.
The crucial underlying concept of [[hypertext]] originated with older projects from the 1960s, such as the Hypertext Editing System (HES) at Brown University--- among others [[Ted Nelson]] and [[Andries van Dam]]--- [[Ted Nelson]]'s [[Project Xanadu]] and [[Douglas Engelbart]]'s [[NLS (computer system)|oN-Line System]] (NLS). Both Nelson and Engelbart were in turn inspired by [[Vannevar Bush]]'s [[microfilm]]-based "[[memex]]," which was described in the 1945 essay "[[As We May Think]]".
Berners-Lee's breakthrough was to marry hypertext to the Internet. In his book ''Weaving The Web'', he explains that he had repeatedly suggested that a marriage between the two technologies was possible to members of ''both'' technical communities, but when no one took up his invitation, he finally tackled the project himself. In the process, he developed a system of globally unique identifiers for resources on the Web and elsewhere: the [[Uniform Resource Identifier]].
The World Wide Web had a number of differences from other hypertext systems that were then available. The Web required only unidirectional links rather than bidirectional ones. This made it possible for someone to link to another resource without action by the owner of that resource. It also significantly reduced the difficulty of implementing Web servers and browsers (in comparison to earlier systems), but in turn presented the chronic problem of [[link rot]]. Unlike predecessors such as [[HyperCard]], the World Wide Web was non-proprietary, making it possible to develop servers and clients independently and to add extensions without licensing restrictions.
On [[April 30]], [[1993]], [[CERN]] announced<ref>[http://tenyears-www.web.cern.ch/tenyears-www/Welcome.html Ten Years Public Domain for the Original Web Software]</ref> that the World Wide Web would be free to anyone, with no fees due. Coming two months after the announcement that the [[Gopher (protocol)#Decline|Gopher]] protocol was no longer free to use, this produced a rapid shift away from Gopher and towards the Web. An early popular Web browser was [[ViolaWWW]], which was based upon [[HyperCard]].
Scholars generally agree, however, that the [[Mosaic (web browser)#Importance of Mosaic|turning point]] for the World Wide Web began with the introduction [http://www.livinginternet.com/w/wi_mosaic.htm] Mosaic Web Browser History - NCSA, Marc Andreessen, Eric Bina of the [[Mosaic (web browser)|Mosaic]] Web browser [http://www.totic.org/nscp/demodoc/demo.html NCSA Mosaic - September 10, 1993 Demo in 1993, a graphical browser developed by a team at the [[National Center for Supercomputing Applications]] at the [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]] (NCSA-UIUC), led by [[Marc Andreessen]]. Funding for Mosaic came from the ''High-Performance Computing and Communications Initiative'', a funding program initiated by then-Senator [[Al Gore]]'s ''[[High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991]]'', also known as the ''[[Gore Bill]]''.[http://www.cs.washington.edu/homes/lazowska/faculty.lecture/innovation/gore.html] Vice President Al Gore's ENIAC Anniversary Speech (See [[Al Gore's contributions to the Internet and technology]] for more information.) Prior to the release of Mosaic, graphics were not commonly mixed with text in Web pages, and its popularity was less than older protocols in use over the Internet, such as [[Gopher (protocol)|Gopher]] and [[Wide Area Information Servers]] (WAIS). Mosaic's graphical user interface allowed the Web to become, by far, the most popular Internet protocol.
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was founded by Tim Berners-Lee after he left the European Organization for Nuclear Research ([[CERN]]) in October, 1994. It was founded at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] Laboratory for Computer Science (MIT/LCS) with support from the [[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]] (DARPA) -- which had pioneered the [[Internet]] -- and the [[European Commission]].
=== History in literature ===
The concept of a home-based global information system goes back at least as far as Isaac Asimov's short story "Anniversary" (''Amazing Stories'', March 1959), in which the characters look up information on a home computer called a "Multivac outlet" -- which was connected by a "planetwide network of circuits" to a mile-long "super-computer" somewhere in the bowels of the Earth. One character is thinking of installing a Multivac, Jr. model for his kids.
The story was set in the far distant future when commercial space travel was commonplace, and yet the machine "prints the answer on a slip of tape" that comes out a slot -- there is no video display -- and the owner of the home computer says that he doesn't spend the kind of money to get a Multivac outlet that talks.
== Standards ==
Many formal standards and other technical specifications define the operation of different aspects of the World Wide Web, the Internet, and computer information exchange. Many of the documents are the work of the [[World Wide Web Consortium]] (W3C), headed by Berners-Lee, but some are produced by the [[Internet Engineering Task Force]] (IETF) and other organizations.
Usually, when Web standards are discussed, the following publications are seen as foundational:
* Recommendations for [[markup languages]], especially [[HTML]] and [[XHTML]], from the W3C. These define the structure and interpretation of [[hypertext]] documents.
* Recommendations for [[stylesheets]], especially [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]], from the W3C.
* Standards for [[ECMAScript]] (usually in the form of [[JavaScript]]), from [[Ecma International]].
* Recommendations for the [[Document Object Model]], from W3C.
Additional publications provide definitions of other essential technologies for the World Wide Web, including, but not limited to, the following:
* ''Uniform Resource Identifier'' ([[Uniform Resource Identifier|URI]]), which is a universal system for referencing resources on the Internet, such as hypertext documents and images. URIs, often called URLs, are defined by the IETF's RFC 3986 / STD 66: ''Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax'', as well as its predecessors and numerous [[URI scheme]]-defining [[Request For Comments|RFCs]];
* ''HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)'', especially as defined by RFC 2616: ''HTTP/1.1'' and RFC 2617: ''HTTP Authentication'', which specify how the browser and server authenticate each other.
== Java and JavaScript ==
A significant advance in Web technology was [[Sun Microsystems|Sun Microsystems']] [[Java platform]]. It enables Web pages to embed small programs (called [[applet]]s) directly into the view. These applets run on the end-user's computer, providing a richer user interface than simple Web pages. Java client-side applets never gained the popularity that Sun had hoped for a variety of reasons, including lack of integration with other content (applets were confined to small boxes within the rendered page) and the fact that many computers at the time were supplied to end users without a suitably installed [[Java Virtual Machine]], and so required a download by the user before applets would appear. [[Adobe Flash]] now performs many of the functions that were originally envisioned for Java applets, including the playing of video content, animation, and some rich [[Graphical user interface|UI]] features. [[Java (programming language)|Java]] itself has become more widely used as a platform and language for [[server-side]] and other programming.
[[JavaScript]], on the other hand, is a [[Scripting programming language|scripting language]] that was initially developed for use within Web pages. The standardized version is [[ECMAScript]]. While its name is similar to Java, JavaScript was developed by [[Netscape Communications Corporation|Netscape]] and it has almost nothing to do with Java, although, like Java, its syntax is derived from the [[C (programming language)|C programming language]]. In conjunction with a Web page's [[Document Object Model]], JavaScript has become a much more powerful technology than its creators originally envisioned. The manipulation of a page's Document Object Model after the page is delivered to the client has been called [[Dynamic HTML]] (DHTML), to emphasize a shift away from ''static'' HTML displays.
In simple cases, all the optional information and actions available on a JavaScript-enhanced Web page will have been downloaded when the page was first delivered. [[Ajax (programming)|Ajax]] ("Asynchronous JavaScript And XML") is a JavaScript-based technology that provides a method whereby parts ''within'' a Web page may be updated, using new information obtained over the network at a later time in response to user actions. This allows the page to be more responsive, interactive and interesting, without the user having to wait for whole-page reloads. Ajax is seen as an important aspect of what is being called [[Web 2.0]]. Examples of Ajax techniques currently in use can be seen in [[Gmail]], [[Google Maps]], and other dynamic Web applications.
== Publishing Web pages ==
Web page production is available to individuals outside the [[mass media]]. In order to publish a Web page, one does not have to go through a [[publisher]] or other media institution, and potential readers could be found in all corners of the globe.
Many different kinds of information are available on the Web, and for those who wish to know other societies, cultures, and peoples, it has become easier.
The increased opportunity to publish materials is observable in the countless personal and social networking pages, as well as sites by families, small shops, etc., facilitated by the emergence of free [[Web hosting]] services.
== Statistics ==
According to a 2001 study, there were more than 550 billion documents on the Web, mostly in the "invisible Web", or [[deep Web]].<ref>[http://www.brightplanet.com/resources/details/deepweb.html The 'Deep' Web: Surfacing Hidden Value]</ref> A 2002 survey of 2,024 million Web pages<ref>[http://www.netz-tipp.de/languages.html Distribution of languages on the Internet<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> determined that by far the most Web content was in English: 56.4%; next were pages in German (7.7%), French (5.6%), and Japanese (4.9%). A more recent study, which used Web searches in 75 different languages to sample the Web, determined that there were over 11.5 billion Web pages in the [[Surface Web|publicly indexable Web]] as of the end of January 2005. [http://www.cs.uiowa.edu/~asignori/web-size/] Indexable Web Size
Over 100.1 million websites operated as of March 2008. Domain Counts & Internet Statistics [http://www.domaintools.com/internet-statistics/|publisher=Name Intelligence|accessdate=2008-03-11] Of these 74% were commercial or other sites operating in the <code>.com</code> [[generic top-level domain]].<ref name=NI /> Among services paid for by advertising, [[Yahoo!]] could collect the most data about commercial Web users, about 2,500 bits of information per month about each typical user of its site and its affiliated advertising network sites. Yahoo! was followed by [[MySpace]] with about half that potential and then by [[AOL]]-[[TimeWarner]], [[Google]], [[Facebook]], [[Microsoft]], and [[eBay]].They Know More Than You Think [http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2008/03/10/technology/20080310_PRIVACY_GRAPHIC.html]
To Aim Ads, Web Is Keeping Closer Eye on You [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/10/technology/10privacy.html] About 26% of websites operated outside <code>.com</code> addresses.
== Speed issues ==
Frustration over [[congestion]] issues in the [[Internet]] infrastructure and the high [[Latency (engineering)|latency]] that results in slow browsing has led to an alternative, pejorative name for the World Wide Web: the ''World Wide Wait''. Speeding up the Internet is an ongoing discussion over the use of [[peering]] and [[Quality of service|QoS]] technologies. Other solutions to reduce the World Wide Wait can be found on [http://www.w3.org/Protocols/NL-PerfNote.html W3C].
Standard [[guideline]]s for ideal Web response times are (Nielsen 1999, `Designing Web Usability', page 42):
* 0.1 second (one tenth of a second). Ideal response time. The user doesn't sense any interruption.
* 1 second. Highest acceptable response time. Download times above 1 second interrupt the user experience.
* 10 seconds. Unacceptable response time. The user experience is interrupted and the user is likely to leave the site or system.
These numbers are useful for planning server capacity.
== Caching ==
If a user revisits a Web page after only a short interval, the page data may not need to be re-obtained from the source Web server. Almost all Web browsers [[cache]] recently-obtained data, usually on the local hard drive. HTTP requests sent by a browser will usually only ask for data that has changed since the last download. If the locally-cached data is still current, it will be reused.
Caching helps reduce the amount of Web traffic on the Internet. The decision about expiration is made independently for each downloaded file, whether image, [[Cascading Style Sheets|stylesheet]], [[JavaScript]], HTML, or whatever other content the site may provide. Thus even on sites with highly dynamic content, many of the basic resources only need to be refreshed occasionally. Web site designers find it worthwhile to collate resources such as CSS data and JavaScript into a few site-wide files so that they can be cached efficiently. This helps reduce page download times and lowers demands on the Web server.
There are other components of the Internet that can cache Web content. Corporate and academic [[Firewall (networking)|firewalls]] often cache Web resources requested by one user for the benefit of all. (See also [[Web proxy#Caching proxy server|Caching proxy server]].) Some [[search engines]], such as [[Google]] or [[Yahoo!]], also store cached content from websites.
Apart from the facilities built into Web servers that can determine when files have been updated and so need to be re-sent, designers of dynamically-generated Web pages can control the HTTP headers sent back to requesting users, so that transient or sensitive pages are not cached. [[Online banking|Internet banking]] and news sites frequently use this facility.
Data requested with an [[Hypertext Transfer Protocol|HTTP]] 'GET' is likely to be cached if other conditions are met; data obtained in response to a 'POST' is assumed to depend on the data that was POSTed and so is not cached.
== Link rot and Web archival ==
Over time, many Web resources pointed to by hyperlinks disappear, relocate, or are replaced with different content. This phenomenon is referred to in some circles as "[[link rot]]" and the hyperlinks affected by it are often called "[[dead link]]s".
The ephemeral nature of the Web has prompted many efforts to archive Web sites. The [[Internet Archive]] is one of the most well-known efforts; it has been active since 1996.
== Academic conferences ==
The major academic event covering the Web is the World Wide Web series of conferences, promoted by [[IW3C2]].
== Security ==
There are numerous matters of [[computer security|security]] related to the Web. There are security risks for Web servers, their computer networks, as well as the end-users.<ref name="w3c-security">[http://www.w3.org/Security/ W3C Security Activity]</ref>
See also:
* [[:Category:Web security exploits]]
* [[Web server#Overload_causes|Web server overload causes]]
* [[Browser exploit]]
* [[Web application#Writing Web applications|Security in Web applications]]
* [[Privilege escalation]]
== Web Accesibility ==
Many countries are regulating the [[web accessibility]] as requirement for the web sites.
== WWW prefix in Web addresses ==
The letters "www" are commonly found at the beginning of [[Web address]]es because of the long-standing practice of naming Internet hosts (servers) according to the services they provide. So for example, the host name for a [[Web server]] is often "www"; for an [[FTP server]], "ftp"; and for a [[USENET]] [[news server]], "news" or "nntp" (after the news protocol [[NNTP]]). These host names appear as [[Domain name system|DNS]] [[subdomain]] names, as in "www.example.com".
This use of such prefixes is not required by any technical standard; indeed, the first Web server was at "nxoc01.cern.ch",[http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/FAQ.html Frequently asked questions by the Press and even today many Web sites exist without a "www" prefix. The "www" prefix has no meaning in the way the main Web site is shown. The "www" prefix is simply one choice for a Web site's subdomain name.
Some Web browsers will automatically try adding "www." to the beginning, and possibly ".com" to the end, of typed URLs if no host is found without them. [[Internet Explorer]], [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]], and [[Opera (web browser)|Opera]] will also prefix "<nowiki>http://www.</nowiki>" and append ".com" to the address bar contents if the Control and Enter keys are pressed simultaneously. For example, entering "example" in the address bar and then pressing either just Enter or Control+Enter will usually resolve to "<nowiki>http://www.example.com</nowiki>", depending on the exact browser version and its settings.
== Pronunciation of "www" ==
{{main|Pronunciation of "www"}}
In [[English language|English]], "www" (pronounced "double you double you double you") is the longest possible [[three-letter acronym]] to pronounce, requiring nine [[syllable]]s. Often shorter versions such as "triple w" (pronounced triple double you) and "www" pronounced "wuh wuh wuh" are used as replacements.
In [[New Zealand]] and Hong Kong, the pronunciation is sometimes shortened to "dub dub dub".
In Mandarin [[Chinese language|Chinese]], the World Wide Web is commonly translated to ''wàn wéi wǎng'' ({{lang|zh|万维网}}), which satisfies "www" and literally means "ten-thousand dimensional net"
See [[CEDICT]] or the [http://www.mdbg.net/chindict/chindict.php?page=translate&trst=0&trqs=World+Wide+Web&trlang=&wddmtm=0 MDBG Chinese-English Dictionary].
== See also ==
*[[Amaya (web browser)|Amaya Web browser]]
*[[Deep web]]
*[[List of websites]]
*[[Search engine]]
*[[Streaming media]]
*[[Web 1.0]]
*[[Web 2.0]]
*[[Web accessibility]]
*[[Web directory]]
*[[Web operating system]]
*[[Web science]]
*[[Web services]]
*[[Webology]]
*[[Website]]
*[[Website architecture]]
</div>
== References ==
#"WorldWideWeb: Proposal for a HyperText Project", Tim Berners-Lee & Robert Cailliau, 1990
#Information Management: A Proposal
#Proposal for the World Wide Web
#Tim Berners-Lee: WorldWideWeb, the first Web client
#First Web pages
#Short summary of the World Wide Web project
#The Early World Wide Web at SLAC: Early Chronology and Documents
#Ten Years Public Domain for the Original Web Software
#Mosaic Web Browser History - NCSA, Marc Andreessen, Eric Bina
#NCSA Mosaic - September 10, 1993 Demo
#Vice President Al Gore's ENIAC Anniversary Speech
#The 'Deep' Web: Surfacing Hidden Value
#Distribution of languages on the Internet
#Indexable Web Size
#a b c Domain Counts & Internet Statistics. Name Intelligence. Retrieved on 2008-03-11.
#Story, Louise and comScore. "They Know More Than You Think" (JPEG), March 10, 2008. in Story, Louise. "To Aim Ads, Web Is Keeping Closer Eye on You", The New York Times, The New York Times Company, March 10, 2008. Retrieved on 2008-03-09.
#W3C Security Activity
#Frequently asked questions by the Press - Tim BL
#See CEDICT or the MDBG Chinese-English Dictionary.
* Fielding, R.; Gettys, J.; Mogul, J.; Frystyk, H.; Masinter, L.; Leach, P.; Berners-Lee, T. (June 1999). "Hypertext Transfer Protocol — HTTP/1.1". Request For Comments 2616. Information Sciences Institute.
* Berners-Lee, Tim; Bray, Tim; Connolly, Dan; Cotton, Paul; Fielding, Roy; Jeckle, Mario; Lilley, Chris; Mendelsohn, Noah; Orchard, David; Walsh, Norman; Williams, Stuart (December 15, 2004). "Architecture of the World Wide Web, Volume One". Version 20041215. W3C.
* Polo, Luciano (2003). World Wide Web Technology Architecture: A Conceptual Analysis. New Devices. Retrieved on July 31, 2005.
*{{cite paper | author=Fielding, R.; Gettys, J.; Mogul, J.; Frystyk, H.; Masinter, L.; Leach, P.; Berners-Lee, T. | title=Hypertext Transfer Protocol — HTTP/1.1 | publisher=Information Sciences Institute | date=June 1999 | version=Request For Comments 2616 | url=ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2616.txt}}
*{{cite paper | author=Berners-Lee, Tim; Bray, Tim; Connolly, Dan; Cotton, Paul; Fielding, Roy; Jeckle, Mario; Lilley, Chris; Mendelsohn, Noah; Orchard, David; Walsh, Norman; Williams, Stuart | title=Architecture of the World Wide Web, Volume One | publisher=W3C | date=December 15, 2004 | version=Version 20041215 | url=http://www.w3.org/TR/webarch/}}
*{{cite web | author=Polo, Luciano | title=World Wide Web Technology Architecture: A Conceptual Analysis | publisher= | year=2003 | work=New Devices | url=http://newdevices.com/publicaciones/www/ | accessmonthday=July 31 | accessyear=2005 }}
== External links ==
*[http://www.w3.org/ World Wide Web Consortium]
*[http://www2007.org/ Official WWW conference, 2007]
**[http://www2006.org/ Official WWW conference, 2006]
*[http://dmoz.org/Computers/Internet/Web_Design_and_Development/ Open Directory — Computers: Internet: Web Design and Development]
*[http://www.w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/WWW/ Early archive of the first Web site]
*[http://www.mit.edu/people/mkgray/net/ Internet Statistics: Growth and Usage of the Web and the Internet]
*[http://www.livinginternet.com/w/w.htm Living Internet] A comprehensive history of the Internet, including the World Wide Web.
*[http://www.worldwidewebsize.com/ World Wide Web Size] Daily estimated size of the World Wide Web.
*[http://www.tomandmaria.com/tom/Writing/ProtocolsForProfitDRAFT.pdf Thomas Haigh, "Protocols for Profit: Web and Email Technologies as Product and Infrastructure" in The Internet & American Business, eds. Ceruzzi & Aspray, MIT Press, 2008] Business & technological history of Web browsers, online preprint.
[[Category: General Reference]]
[[Category: Computer Science]]
[[Image:Worldwideweb.jpg|right|thumb|This illustrates in 3-D the actual domains and connections of the world wide web.]]
The '''World Wide Web''' (commonly shortened to '''the Web''') is a system of interlinked [[hypertext]] documents accessed via the [[Internet]]. With a [[Web browser]], a user views [[Web page]]s that may contain [[writing|text]], [[image]]s, [[video]]s, and other [[multimedia]] and navigates between them using [[hyperlink]]s. The World Wide Web was created in 1989 by [[Tim Berners-Lee|Sir Tim Berners-Lee]], working at [[CERN]] in [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]]. Since then, Berners-Lee has played an active role in guiding the development of Web standards (such as the [[markup language]]s in which Web pages are composed), and in recent years has advocated his vision of a [[Semantic Web]]. [[Robert Cailliau]], also at [[CERN]], was an early evangelist for the project.
== How the Web works ==
Viewing a [[Web page]] on the World Wide Web normally begins either by typing the [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] of the page into a [[Web browser]], or by following a [[hyperlink]] to that page or resource. The Web browser then initiates a series of communication messages, behind the scenes, in order to fetch and display it.
First, the server-name portion of the URL is resolved into an [[IP address]] using the global, distributed [[Internet]] database known as the [[domain name system]], or DNS. This IP address is necessary to contact and send data [[Packet (information technology)|packets]] to the [[Web server]].
The browser then requests the resource by sending an [[Hypertext Transfer Protocol|HTTP]] request to the Web server at that particular address. In the case of a typical Web page, the [[HTML]] text of the page is requested first and [[Parsing|parsed]] immediately by the Web browser, which will then make additional requests for images and any other files that form a part of the page. Statistics measuring a website's popularity are usually based on the number of '[[page view]]s' or associated server '[[Hit (internet)|hits]]', or file requests, which take place.
Having received the required files from the Web server, the browser then [[Layout engine|renders]] the page onto the screen as specified by its HTML, [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]], and other Web languages. Any images and other resources are incorporated to produce the on-screen Web page that the user sees.
Most Web pages will themselves contain [[hyperlink]]s to other related pages and perhaps to downloads, source documents, definitions and other Web resources. Such a collection of useful, related resources, interconnected via hypertext links, is what was dubbed a "web" of information. Making it available on the Internet created what [[Tim Berners-Lee]] first called the '''WorldWideWeb''' (a term written in [[CamelCase]], subsequently discarded) in 1990."[http://www.w3.org/Proposal.html] WorldWideWeb: Proposal for a HyperText Project]", Tim Berners-Lee & Robert Cailliau, 1990
== History ==
The underlying ideas of the Web can be traced as far back as 1980, when, at [[CERN]] in [[Switzerland]], [[Tim Berners-Lee]] built [[ENQUIRE]] (referring to ''[[Enquire Within Upon Everything]]'', a book he recalled from his youth). While it was rather different from the system in use today, it contained many of the same core ideas (and even some of the ideas of Berners-Lee's next project after the World Wide Web, the [[Semantic Web]]).
In March 1989, Tim Berners-Lee wrote a proposal,<ref>''[http://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html Information Management: A Proposal]''</ref> which referenced ENQUIRE and described a more elaborate information management system. With help from [[Robert Cailliau]], he published a more formal proposal for the World Wide Web on [[November 12]], [[1990]].<ref>[http://www.w3.org/Proposal Proposal for the World Wide Web]</ref> The role model was provided by EBT's (Electronic Book Technology, a spin-off from the
Institute for Research in Information and Scholarship at Brown University) Dynatext SGML reader that CERN had licensed. The [[Dynatext]] system was considered, however technically advanced (a key player in the extension of SGML ISO 8879:1986 to Hypermedia within [[HyTime]]), too expensive and with an inappropriate licensing policy for general HEP (High Energy Physics) community use: a fee for each document and each time a document was charged.
A [[NeXTcube]] was used by Berners-Lee as the world's first [[Web server]] and also to write the first [[Web browser]], [[WorldWideWeb]], in 1990. By Christmas 1990, Berners-Lee had built all the tools necessary for a working Web:<ref>[http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/WorldWideWeb Tim Berners-Lee: WorldWideWeb, the first Web client the [[WorldWideWeb|first Web browser]] (which was a Web editor as well), the first Web server, and the first Web pages [http://www.w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html] First Web pages] which described the project itself.
On [[August 6]], [[1991]], he posted a short summary of the World Wide Web project on the <tt>alt.hypertext</tt> [[newsgroup]].[http://groups.google.com/group/alt.hypertext/msg/395f282a67a1916c Short summary of the World Wide Web project]</ref> This date also marked the debut of the Web as a publicly available service on the Internet.
First server outside of Europe was created at [[SLAC]] in December 1991 [http://www.slac.stanford.edu/history/earlyweb/history.shtml] The Early World Wide Web at SLAC: Early Chronology and Documents.
The crucial underlying concept of [[hypertext]] originated with older projects from the 1960s, such as the Hypertext Editing System (HES) at Brown University--- among others [[Ted Nelson]] and [[Andries van Dam]]--- [[Ted Nelson]]'s [[Project Xanadu]] and [[Douglas Engelbart]]'s [[NLS (computer system)|oN-Line System]] (NLS). Both Nelson and Engelbart were in turn inspired by [[Vannevar Bush]]'s [[microfilm]]-based "[[memex]]," which was described in the 1945 essay "[[As We May Think]]".
Berners-Lee's breakthrough was to marry hypertext to the Internet. In his book ''Weaving The Web'', he explains that he had repeatedly suggested that a marriage between the two technologies was possible to members of ''both'' technical communities, but when no one took up his invitation, he finally tackled the project himself. In the process, he developed a system of globally unique identifiers for resources on the Web and elsewhere: the [[Uniform Resource Identifier]].
The World Wide Web had a number of differences from other hypertext systems that were then available. The Web required only unidirectional links rather than bidirectional ones. This made it possible for someone to link to another resource without action by the owner of that resource. It also significantly reduced the difficulty of implementing Web servers and browsers (in comparison to earlier systems), but in turn presented the chronic problem of [[link rot]]. Unlike predecessors such as [[HyperCard]], the World Wide Web was non-proprietary, making it possible to develop servers and clients independently and to add extensions without licensing restrictions.
On [[April 30]], [[1993]], [[CERN]] announced<ref>[http://tenyears-www.web.cern.ch/tenyears-www/Welcome.html Ten Years Public Domain for the Original Web Software]</ref> that the World Wide Web would be free to anyone, with no fees due. Coming two months after the announcement that the [[Gopher (protocol)#Decline|Gopher]] protocol was no longer free to use, this produced a rapid shift away from Gopher and towards the Web. An early popular Web browser was [[ViolaWWW]], which was based upon [[HyperCard]].
Scholars generally agree, however, that the [[Mosaic (web browser)#Importance of Mosaic|turning point]] for the World Wide Web began with the introduction [http://www.livinginternet.com/w/wi_mosaic.htm] Mosaic Web Browser History - NCSA, Marc Andreessen, Eric Bina of the [[Mosaic (web browser)|Mosaic]] Web browser [http://www.totic.org/nscp/demodoc/demo.html NCSA Mosaic - September 10, 1993 Demo in 1993, a graphical browser developed by a team at the [[National Center for Supercomputing Applications]] at the [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]] (NCSA-UIUC), led by [[Marc Andreessen]]. Funding for Mosaic came from the ''High-Performance Computing and Communications Initiative'', a funding program initiated by then-Senator [[Al Gore]]'s ''[[High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991]]'', also known as the ''[[Gore Bill]]''.[http://www.cs.washington.edu/homes/lazowska/faculty.lecture/innovation/gore.html] Vice President Al Gore's ENIAC Anniversary Speech (See [[Al Gore's contributions to the Internet and technology]] for more information.) Prior to the release of Mosaic, graphics were not commonly mixed with text in Web pages, and its popularity was less than older protocols in use over the Internet, such as [[Gopher (protocol)|Gopher]] and [[Wide Area Information Servers]] (WAIS). Mosaic's graphical user interface allowed the Web to become, by far, the most popular Internet protocol.
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was founded by Tim Berners-Lee after he left the European Organization for Nuclear Research ([[CERN]]) in October, 1994. It was founded at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] Laboratory for Computer Science (MIT/LCS) with support from the [[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]] (DARPA) -- which had pioneered the [[Internet]] -- and the [[European Commission]].
=== History in literature ===
The concept of a home-based global information system goes back at least as far as Isaac Asimov's short story "Anniversary" (''Amazing Stories'', March 1959), in which the characters look up information on a home computer called a "Multivac outlet" -- which was connected by a "planetwide network of circuits" to a mile-long "super-computer" somewhere in the bowels of the Earth. One character is thinking of installing a Multivac, Jr. model for his kids.
The story was set in the far distant future when commercial space travel was commonplace, and yet the machine "prints the answer on a slip of tape" that comes out a slot -- there is no video display -- and the owner of the home computer says that he doesn't spend the kind of money to get a Multivac outlet that talks.
== Standards ==
Many formal standards and other technical specifications define the operation of different aspects of the World Wide Web, the Internet, and computer information exchange. Many of the documents are the work of the [[World Wide Web Consortium]] (W3C), headed by Berners-Lee, but some are produced by the [[Internet Engineering Task Force]] (IETF) and other organizations.
Usually, when Web standards are discussed, the following publications are seen as foundational:
* Recommendations for [[markup languages]], especially [[HTML]] and [[XHTML]], from the W3C. These define the structure and interpretation of [[hypertext]] documents.
* Recommendations for [[stylesheets]], especially [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]], from the W3C.
* Standards for [[ECMAScript]] (usually in the form of [[JavaScript]]), from [[Ecma International]].
* Recommendations for the [[Document Object Model]], from W3C.
Additional publications provide definitions of other essential technologies for the World Wide Web, including, but not limited to, the following:
* ''Uniform Resource Identifier'' ([[Uniform Resource Identifier|URI]]), which is a universal system for referencing resources on the Internet, such as hypertext documents and images. URIs, often called URLs, are defined by the IETF's RFC 3986 / STD 66: ''Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax'', as well as its predecessors and numerous [[URI scheme]]-defining [[Request For Comments|RFCs]];
* ''HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)'', especially as defined by RFC 2616: ''HTTP/1.1'' and RFC 2617: ''HTTP Authentication'', which specify how the browser and server authenticate each other.
== Java and JavaScript ==
A significant advance in Web technology was [[Sun Microsystems|Sun Microsystems']] [[Java platform]]. It enables Web pages to embed small programs (called [[applet]]s) directly into the view. These applets run on the end-user's computer, providing a richer user interface than simple Web pages. Java client-side applets never gained the popularity that Sun had hoped for a variety of reasons, including lack of integration with other content (applets were confined to small boxes within the rendered page) and the fact that many computers at the time were supplied to end users without a suitably installed [[Java Virtual Machine]], and so required a download by the user before applets would appear. [[Adobe Flash]] now performs many of the functions that were originally envisioned for Java applets, including the playing of video content, animation, and some rich [[Graphical user interface|UI]] features. [[Java (programming language)|Java]] itself has become more widely used as a platform and language for [[server-side]] and other programming.
[[JavaScript]], on the other hand, is a [[Scripting programming language|scripting language]] that was initially developed for use within Web pages. The standardized version is [[ECMAScript]]. While its name is similar to Java, JavaScript was developed by [[Netscape Communications Corporation|Netscape]] and it has almost nothing to do with Java, although, like Java, its syntax is derived from the [[C (programming language)|C programming language]]. In conjunction with a Web page's [[Document Object Model]], JavaScript has become a much more powerful technology than its creators originally envisioned. The manipulation of a page's Document Object Model after the page is delivered to the client has been called [[Dynamic HTML]] (DHTML), to emphasize a shift away from ''static'' HTML displays.
In simple cases, all the optional information and actions available on a JavaScript-enhanced Web page will have been downloaded when the page was first delivered. [[Ajax (programming)|Ajax]] ("Asynchronous JavaScript And XML") is a JavaScript-based technology that provides a method whereby parts ''within'' a Web page may be updated, using new information obtained over the network at a later time in response to user actions. This allows the page to be more responsive, interactive and interesting, without the user having to wait for whole-page reloads. Ajax is seen as an important aspect of what is being called [[Web 2.0]]. Examples of Ajax techniques currently in use can be seen in [[Gmail]], [[Google Maps]], and other dynamic Web applications.
== Publishing Web pages ==
Web page production is available to individuals outside the [[mass media]]. In order to publish a Web page, one does not have to go through a [[publisher]] or other media institution, and potential readers could be found in all corners of the globe.
Many different kinds of information are available on the Web, and for those who wish to know other societies, cultures, and peoples, it has become easier.
The increased opportunity to publish materials is observable in the countless personal and social networking pages, as well as sites by families, small shops, etc., facilitated by the emergence of free [[Web hosting]] services.
== Statistics ==
According to a 2001 study, there were more than 550 billion documents on the Web, mostly in the "invisible Web", or [[deep Web]].<ref>[http://www.brightplanet.com/resources/details/deepweb.html The 'Deep' Web: Surfacing Hidden Value]</ref> A 2002 survey of 2,024 million Web pages<ref>[http://www.netz-tipp.de/languages.html Distribution of languages on the Internet<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> determined that by far the most Web content was in English: 56.4%; next were pages in German (7.7%), French (5.6%), and Japanese (4.9%). A more recent study, which used Web searches in 75 different languages to sample the Web, determined that there were over 11.5 billion Web pages in the [[Surface Web|publicly indexable Web]] as of the end of January 2005. [http://www.cs.uiowa.edu/~asignori/web-size/] Indexable Web Size
Over 100.1 million websites operated as of March 2008. Domain Counts & Internet Statistics [http://www.domaintools.com/internet-statistics/|publisher=Name Intelligence|accessdate=2008-03-11] Of these 74% were commercial or other sites operating in the <code>.com</code> [[generic top-level domain]].<ref name=NI /> Among services paid for by advertising, [[Yahoo!]] could collect the most data about commercial Web users, about 2,500 bits of information per month about each typical user of its site and its affiliated advertising network sites. Yahoo! was followed by [[MySpace]] with about half that potential and then by [[AOL]]-[[TimeWarner]], [[Google]], [[Facebook]], [[Microsoft]], and [[eBay]].They Know More Than You Think [http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2008/03/10/technology/20080310_PRIVACY_GRAPHIC.html]
To Aim Ads, Web Is Keeping Closer Eye on You [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/10/technology/10privacy.html] About 26% of websites operated outside <code>.com</code> addresses.
== Speed issues ==
Frustration over [[congestion]] issues in the [[Internet]] infrastructure and the high [[Latency (engineering)|latency]] that results in slow browsing has led to an alternative, pejorative name for the World Wide Web: the ''World Wide Wait''. Speeding up the Internet is an ongoing discussion over the use of [[peering]] and [[Quality of service|QoS]] technologies. Other solutions to reduce the World Wide Wait can be found on [http://www.w3.org/Protocols/NL-PerfNote.html W3C].
Standard [[guideline]]s for ideal Web response times are (Nielsen 1999, `Designing Web Usability', page 42):
* 0.1 second (one tenth of a second). Ideal response time. The user doesn't sense any interruption.
* 1 second. Highest acceptable response time. Download times above 1 second interrupt the user experience.
* 10 seconds. Unacceptable response time. The user experience is interrupted and the user is likely to leave the site or system.
These numbers are useful for planning server capacity.
== Caching ==
If a user revisits a Web page after only a short interval, the page data may not need to be re-obtained from the source Web server. Almost all Web browsers [[cache]] recently-obtained data, usually on the local hard drive. HTTP requests sent by a browser will usually only ask for data that has changed since the last download. If the locally-cached data is still current, it will be reused.
Caching helps reduce the amount of Web traffic on the Internet. The decision about expiration is made independently for each downloaded file, whether image, [[Cascading Style Sheets|stylesheet]], [[JavaScript]], HTML, or whatever other content the site may provide. Thus even on sites with highly dynamic content, many of the basic resources only need to be refreshed occasionally. Web site designers find it worthwhile to collate resources such as CSS data and JavaScript into a few site-wide files so that they can be cached efficiently. This helps reduce page download times and lowers demands on the Web server.
There are other components of the Internet that can cache Web content. Corporate and academic [[Firewall (networking)|firewalls]] often cache Web resources requested by one user for the benefit of all. (See also [[Web proxy#Caching proxy server|Caching proxy server]].) Some [[search engines]], such as [[Google]] or [[Yahoo!]], also store cached content from websites.
Apart from the facilities built into Web servers that can determine when files have been updated and so need to be re-sent, designers of dynamically-generated Web pages can control the HTTP headers sent back to requesting users, so that transient or sensitive pages are not cached. [[Online banking|Internet banking]] and news sites frequently use this facility.
Data requested with an [[Hypertext Transfer Protocol|HTTP]] 'GET' is likely to be cached if other conditions are met; data obtained in response to a 'POST' is assumed to depend on the data that was POSTed and so is not cached.
== Link rot and Web archival ==
Over time, many Web resources pointed to by hyperlinks disappear, relocate, or are replaced with different content. This phenomenon is referred to in some circles as "[[link rot]]" and the hyperlinks affected by it are often called "[[dead link]]s".
The ephemeral nature of the Web has prompted many efforts to archive Web sites. The [[Internet Archive]] is one of the most well-known efforts; it has been active since 1996.
== Academic conferences ==
The major academic event covering the Web is the World Wide Web series of conferences, promoted by [[IW3C2]].
== Security ==
There are numerous matters of [[computer security|security]] related to the Web. There are security risks for Web servers, their computer networks, as well as the end-users.<ref name="w3c-security">[http://www.w3.org/Security/ W3C Security Activity]</ref>
See also:
* [[:Category:Web security exploits]]
* [[Web server#Overload_causes|Web server overload causes]]
* [[Browser exploit]]
* [[Web application#Writing Web applications|Security in Web applications]]
* [[Privilege escalation]]
== Web Accesibility ==
Many countries are regulating the [[web accessibility]] as requirement for the web sites.
== WWW prefix in Web addresses ==
The letters "www" are commonly found at the beginning of [[Web address]]es because of the long-standing practice of naming Internet hosts (servers) according to the services they provide. So for example, the host name for a [[Web server]] is often "www"; for an [[FTP server]], "ftp"; and for a [[USENET]] [[news server]], "news" or "nntp" (after the news protocol [[NNTP]]). These host names appear as [[Domain name system|DNS]] [[subdomain]] names, as in "www.example.com".
This use of such prefixes is not required by any technical standard; indeed, the first Web server was at "nxoc01.cern.ch",[http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/FAQ.html Frequently asked questions by the Press and even today many Web sites exist without a "www" prefix. The "www" prefix has no meaning in the way the main Web site is shown. The "www" prefix is simply one choice for a Web site's subdomain name.
Some Web browsers will automatically try adding "www." to the beginning, and possibly ".com" to the end, of typed URLs if no host is found without them. [[Internet Explorer]], [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]], and [[Opera (web browser)|Opera]] will also prefix "<nowiki>http://www.</nowiki>" and append ".com" to the address bar contents if the Control and Enter keys are pressed simultaneously. For example, entering "example" in the address bar and then pressing either just Enter or Control+Enter will usually resolve to "<nowiki>http://www.example.com</nowiki>", depending on the exact browser version and its settings.
== Pronunciation of "www" ==
{{main|Pronunciation of "www"}}
In [[English language|English]], "www" (pronounced "double you double you double you") is the longest possible [[three-letter acronym]] to pronounce, requiring nine [[syllable]]s. Often shorter versions such as "triple w" (pronounced triple double you) and "www" pronounced "wuh wuh wuh" are used as replacements.
In [[New Zealand]] and Hong Kong, the pronunciation is sometimes shortened to "dub dub dub".
In Mandarin [[Chinese language|Chinese]], the World Wide Web is commonly translated to ''wàn wéi wǎng'' ({{lang|zh|万维网}}), which satisfies "www" and literally means "ten-thousand dimensional net"
See [[CEDICT]] or the [http://www.mdbg.net/chindict/chindict.php?page=translate&trst=0&trqs=World+Wide+Web&trlang=&wddmtm=0 MDBG Chinese-English Dictionary].
== See also ==
*[[Amaya (web browser)|Amaya Web browser]]
*[[Deep web]]
*[[List of websites]]
*[[Search engine]]
*[[Streaming media]]
*[[Web 1.0]]
*[[Web 2.0]]
*[[Web accessibility]]
*[[Web directory]]
*[[Web operating system]]
*[[Web science]]
*[[Web services]]
*[[Webology]]
*[[Website]]
*[[Website architecture]]
</div>
== References ==
#"WorldWideWeb: Proposal for a HyperText Project", Tim Berners-Lee & Robert Cailliau, 1990
#Information Management: A Proposal
#Proposal for the World Wide Web
#Tim Berners-Lee: WorldWideWeb, the first Web client
#First Web pages
#Short summary of the World Wide Web project
#The Early World Wide Web at SLAC: Early Chronology and Documents
#Ten Years Public Domain for the Original Web Software
#Mosaic Web Browser History - NCSA, Marc Andreessen, Eric Bina
#NCSA Mosaic - September 10, 1993 Demo
#Vice President Al Gore's ENIAC Anniversary Speech
#The 'Deep' Web: Surfacing Hidden Value
#Distribution of languages on the Internet
#Indexable Web Size
#a b c Domain Counts & Internet Statistics. Name Intelligence. Retrieved on 2008-03-11.
#Story, Louise and comScore. "They Know More Than You Think" (JPEG), March 10, 2008. in Story, Louise. "To Aim Ads, Web Is Keeping Closer Eye on You", The New York Times, The New York Times Company, March 10, 2008. Retrieved on 2008-03-09.
#W3C Security Activity
#Frequently asked questions by the Press - Tim BL
#See CEDICT or the MDBG Chinese-English Dictionary.
* Fielding, R.; Gettys, J.; Mogul, J.; Frystyk, H.; Masinter, L.; Leach, P.; Berners-Lee, T. (June 1999). "Hypertext Transfer Protocol — HTTP/1.1". Request For Comments 2616. Information Sciences Institute.
* Berners-Lee, Tim; Bray, Tim; Connolly, Dan; Cotton, Paul; Fielding, Roy; Jeckle, Mario; Lilley, Chris; Mendelsohn, Noah; Orchard, David; Walsh, Norman; Williams, Stuart (December 15, 2004). "Architecture of the World Wide Web, Volume One". Version 20041215. W3C.
* Polo, Luciano (2003). World Wide Web Technology Architecture: A Conceptual Analysis. New Devices. Retrieved on July 31, 2005.
*{{cite paper | author=Fielding, R.; Gettys, J.; Mogul, J.; Frystyk, H.; Masinter, L.; Leach, P.; Berners-Lee, T. | title=Hypertext Transfer Protocol — HTTP/1.1 | publisher=Information Sciences Institute | date=June 1999 | version=Request For Comments 2616 | url=ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2616.txt}}
*{{cite paper | author=Berners-Lee, Tim; Bray, Tim; Connolly, Dan; Cotton, Paul; Fielding, Roy; Jeckle, Mario; Lilley, Chris; Mendelsohn, Noah; Orchard, David; Walsh, Norman; Williams, Stuart | title=Architecture of the World Wide Web, Volume One | publisher=W3C | date=December 15, 2004 | version=Version 20041215 | url=http://www.w3.org/TR/webarch/}}
*{{cite web | author=Polo, Luciano | title=World Wide Web Technology Architecture: A Conceptual Analysis | publisher= | year=2003 | work=New Devices | url=http://newdevices.com/publicaciones/www/ | accessmonthday=July 31 | accessyear=2005 }}
== External links ==
*[http://www.w3.org/ World Wide Web Consortium]
*[http://www2007.org/ Official WWW conference, 2007]
**[http://www2006.org/ Official WWW conference, 2006]
*[http://dmoz.org/Computers/Internet/Web_Design_and_Development/ Open Directory — Computers: Internet: Web Design and Development]
*[http://www.w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/WWW/ Early archive of the first Web site]
*[http://www.mit.edu/people/mkgray/net/ Internet Statistics: Growth and Usage of the Web and the Internet]
*[http://www.livinginternet.com/w/w.htm Living Internet] A comprehensive history of the Internet, including the World Wide Web.
*[http://www.worldwidewebsize.com/ World Wide Web Size] Daily estimated size of the World Wide Web.
*[http://www.tomandmaria.com/tom/Writing/ProtocolsForProfitDRAFT.pdf Thomas Haigh, "Protocols for Profit: Web and Email Technologies as Product and Infrastructure" in The Internet & American Business, eds. Ceruzzi & Aspray, MIT Press, 2008] Business & technological history of Web browsers, online preprint.
[[Category: General Reference]]
[[Category: Computer Science]]