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New page: Image:lighterstill.jpgright|frame '''Celts''' (ˈkelts), see names of the Celts; the most common academic usage is with a hard "c", pronounced as "k"), is a ...
[[Image:lighterstill.jpg]][[Image:AnwenCelt_3.jpg|right|frame]]
'''Celts''' (ˈkelts), see names of the Celts; the most common academic usage is with a hard "c", pronounced as "k"), is a modern term used to describe any of the European peoples who spoke, or speak, a Celtic language. (Celtic Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia ISBN 978-1851094400) The term is also used in a wider sense to describe the modern descendants of those peoples, notably those who participate in a Celtic [[culture]].
The historical Celts were a diverse group of tribal societies in Iron Age Europe. Proto-Celtic culture formed in the Early Iron Age in Central Europe's Hallstatt period, named for the site in present-day Austria). By the later Iron Age (La Tène]] period), Celts had expanded over a wide range of lands: as far west as [[Ireland]] and the [[Iberian Peninsula]], as far east as Galatia (central [[Anatolia]]), and as far north as [[Scotland]].
The earliest direct attestation of a Celtic language are the [[Lepontic]] inscriptions, beginning from the 6th century BC. Continental Celtic languages are attested only in inscriptions and place-names. Insular Celtic is attested from about the fourth century AD in [[ogham inscription]]s. Literary tradition begins with [[Old Irish]] from about the eighth century. Coherent texts of Early Irish literature, such as the ''[[Táin Bó Cúailnge]]'', survive in 12th century recensions.
By the early first milennium AD, following the expansion of the Roman Empire and the Great Migrations (Migration Period) of Germanic peoples, Celtic culture had become restricted to the [[British Isles]] (Insular Celtic), and the Continental Celtic languages ceased to be widely used by the sixth century. "Celtic Europe" today refers to the lands surrounding the Irish Sea, as well as [[Cornwall]] and [[Brittany]] on either side of the [[English Channel]].[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celt]
==Literature==
* Thomas M. Charles-Edwards, "Beyond empire II: Christianities of the Celtic peoples," in ''Cambridge History of Christianity. Vol. 3. Early Medieval Christianities, c.600–c.1100''. Edited by Thomas F. X. Noble and Julia M. H. Smith. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2008 (Cambridge History of Christianity), 86-106.
* Alberro, Manuel and Arnold, Bettina (eds.), ''[http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/celtic/ekeltoi/ e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies], [http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/index.html Volume 6: The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula]'', University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, Center for Celtic Studies, 2005.
* Collis, John. ''The Celts: Origins, Myths and Inventions.'' Stroud: Tempus Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0-7524-2913-2. Historiography of Celtic studies.
* Cunliffe, Barry. ''The Ancient Celts.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-19-815010-5.
* Cunliffe, Barry. ''Iron Age Britain.'' London: Batsford, 2004. ISBN 0-7134-8839-5
* Cunliffe, Barry. ''The Celts: A Very Short Introduction.'' 2003
* Freeman, Philip Mitchell ''The earliest classical sources on the Celts: A linguistic and historical study.'' Diss. Harvard University, 1994. [http://proquest.umi.com.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/pqdweb?did=740970711&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3959&RQT=309&VName=PQD (link)]
* Gamito, Teresa J. ''The Celts in Portugal''. In E-Keltoi, Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies, vol. 6. 2005.
* Haywood. ''Historical Atlas of the Celtic World.'' 2001.
* James, Simon. ''Exploring the World of the Celts'' 1993.
* James, Simon. ''The Atlantic Celts - Ancient People Or Modern Invention?'' Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, August 1999. ISBN 0-299-16674-0.
* James, Simon & Rigby, Valerie. ''Britain and the Celtic Iron Age.'' London: British Museum Press, 1997. ISBN 0-7141-2306-4.
* Kruta, V., O. Frey, Barry Raftery and M. Szabo. eds. ''The Celts.'' New York: Thames & Hudson, 1991. ISBN 0-8478-2193-5. A translation of ''Les Celtes: Histoire et Dictionnaire'' 2000.
* Laing, Lloyd. ''The Archaeology of Late Celtic Britain and Ireland c. 400–1200 AD.'' London: Methuen, 1975. ISBN 0-416-82360-2
* Laing, Lloyd and Jenifer Laing. ''Art of the Celts'', London: Thames and Hudson, 1992 ISBN 0-500-20256-7
* MacKillop, James. ''A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-19-280120-1
* McEvedy, Colin. ''The Penguin Atlas of Ancient History''. New York: Penguin, 1985. ISBN 0-14-070832-4
* Mallory, J. P. ''In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology and Myth.'' London: Thames and Hudson, 1991. ISBN 0-500-27616-1.
* O'Rahilly, T. F. ''Early Irish History'' Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1946.
* Powell, T. G. E. ''The Celts.'' New York: Thames and Hudson, 1980. third ed. 1997. ISBN 0-500-27275-1.
* Raftery, Barry. ''Pagan Celtic Ireland: The Enigma of the Irish Iron Age.'' London: Thames & Hudson, 1994. ISBN 0-500-27983-7.
==External links==
===Additional articles===
*[http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_music Ancient Celtic music] - in the ''[[Citizendium]]''
*[http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/index.html Essays on Celtiberian topics] - in ''[[e-Keltoi]]'', [[University of Wisconsin, Madison]]
===Geography===
*[http://resourcesforhistory.com/map.htm An interactive map showing the lands of the Celts between 800BC and 305AD.]
*[http://www.arqueotavira.com/Mapas/Iberia/Populi.htm Detailed map of the Pre-Roman Peoples of Iberia (around 200 BC), showing the Celtic territories]
*[http://www.resourcesforhistory.com/map.htm Map of Celtic lands]
===Multimedia===
*[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-3932614824851254533&q=lost+treasures+of+the+ancient+world&total=106&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=5 "The Celts"] - part of ''Lost Treasures of the Ancient World'', Cromwell Productions, 2000.
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20020221.shtml Discussion] - with academician [[Barry Cunliffe]], on [[BBC Radio 4]]'s ''[[In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)|In Our Time]]'', [[February 21]], [[2002]]. (Streaming [[Realplayer]] format)
*[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=5738673982827673282&q=celts&total=1836&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=4 "The Primitive Celts"] - part of ''Terry Jones' Barbarians'', June 2006.
===Organisations===
*[http://www.ordemgael.moonfruit.com Gael Order, group of study and cultural heritage]
*[http://newworldcelts.org newworldcelts.org]
*[http://www.celtic-congress-2007.com XIII. International Congress of Celtic Studies in Bonn]
===Special interest===
*[http://www.familytreedna.com/public/Nordic-Celtic Related Nordic-Celtic DNA material] - at FamilyTreeDNA.com
* http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/celts-descended-from-spanish-fishermen-study-finds-416727.html
[[Category: General Reference]]
[[Category: History]]
'''Celts''' (ˈkelts), see names of the Celts; the most common academic usage is with a hard "c", pronounced as "k"), is a modern term used to describe any of the European peoples who spoke, or speak, a Celtic language. (Celtic Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia ISBN 978-1851094400) The term is also used in a wider sense to describe the modern descendants of those peoples, notably those who participate in a Celtic [[culture]].
The historical Celts were a diverse group of tribal societies in Iron Age Europe. Proto-Celtic culture formed in the Early Iron Age in Central Europe's Hallstatt period, named for the site in present-day Austria). By the later Iron Age (La Tène]] period), Celts had expanded over a wide range of lands: as far west as [[Ireland]] and the [[Iberian Peninsula]], as far east as Galatia (central [[Anatolia]]), and as far north as [[Scotland]].
The earliest direct attestation of a Celtic language are the [[Lepontic]] inscriptions, beginning from the 6th century BC. Continental Celtic languages are attested only in inscriptions and place-names. Insular Celtic is attested from about the fourth century AD in [[ogham inscription]]s. Literary tradition begins with [[Old Irish]] from about the eighth century. Coherent texts of Early Irish literature, such as the ''[[Táin Bó Cúailnge]]'', survive in 12th century recensions.
By the early first milennium AD, following the expansion of the Roman Empire and the Great Migrations (Migration Period) of Germanic peoples, Celtic culture had become restricted to the [[British Isles]] (Insular Celtic), and the Continental Celtic languages ceased to be widely used by the sixth century. "Celtic Europe" today refers to the lands surrounding the Irish Sea, as well as [[Cornwall]] and [[Brittany]] on either side of the [[English Channel]].[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celt]
==Literature==
* Thomas M. Charles-Edwards, "Beyond empire II: Christianities of the Celtic peoples," in ''Cambridge History of Christianity. Vol. 3. Early Medieval Christianities, c.600–c.1100''. Edited by Thomas F. X. Noble and Julia M. H. Smith. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2008 (Cambridge History of Christianity), 86-106.
* Alberro, Manuel and Arnold, Bettina (eds.), ''[http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/celtic/ekeltoi/ e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies], [http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/index.html Volume 6: The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula]'', University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, Center for Celtic Studies, 2005.
* Collis, John. ''The Celts: Origins, Myths and Inventions.'' Stroud: Tempus Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0-7524-2913-2. Historiography of Celtic studies.
* Cunliffe, Barry. ''The Ancient Celts.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-19-815010-5.
* Cunliffe, Barry. ''Iron Age Britain.'' London: Batsford, 2004. ISBN 0-7134-8839-5
* Cunliffe, Barry. ''The Celts: A Very Short Introduction.'' 2003
* Freeman, Philip Mitchell ''The earliest classical sources on the Celts: A linguistic and historical study.'' Diss. Harvard University, 1994. [http://proquest.umi.com.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/pqdweb?did=740970711&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3959&RQT=309&VName=PQD (link)]
* Gamito, Teresa J. ''The Celts in Portugal''. In E-Keltoi, Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies, vol. 6. 2005.
* Haywood. ''Historical Atlas of the Celtic World.'' 2001.
* James, Simon. ''Exploring the World of the Celts'' 1993.
* James, Simon. ''The Atlantic Celts - Ancient People Or Modern Invention?'' Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, August 1999. ISBN 0-299-16674-0.
* James, Simon & Rigby, Valerie. ''Britain and the Celtic Iron Age.'' London: British Museum Press, 1997. ISBN 0-7141-2306-4.
* Kruta, V., O. Frey, Barry Raftery and M. Szabo. eds. ''The Celts.'' New York: Thames & Hudson, 1991. ISBN 0-8478-2193-5. A translation of ''Les Celtes: Histoire et Dictionnaire'' 2000.
* Laing, Lloyd. ''The Archaeology of Late Celtic Britain and Ireland c. 400–1200 AD.'' London: Methuen, 1975. ISBN 0-416-82360-2
* Laing, Lloyd and Jenifer Laing. ''Art of the Celts'', London: Thames and Hudson, 1992 ISBN 0-500-20256-7
* MacKillop, James. ''A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-19-280120-1
* McEvedy, Colin. ''The Penguin Atlas of Ancient History''. New York: Penguin, 1985. ISBN 0-14-070832-4
* Mallory, J. P. ''In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology and Myth.'' London: Thames and Hudson, 1991. ISBN 0-500-27616-1.
* O'Rahilly, T. F. ''Early Irish History'' Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1946.
* Powell, T. G. E. ''The Celts.'' New York: Thames and Hudson, 1980. third ed. 1997. ISBN 0-500-27275-1.
* Raftery, Barry. ''Pagan Celtic Ireland: The Enigma of the Irish Iron Age.'' London: Thames & Hudson, 1994. ISBN 0-500-27983-7.
==External links==
===Additional articles===
*[http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_music Ancient Celtic music] - in the ''[[Citizendium]]''
*[http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/index.html Essays on Celtiberian topics] - in ''[[e-Keltoi]]'', [[University of Wisconsin, Madison]]
===Geography===
*[http://resourcesforhistory.com/map.htm An interactive map showing the lands of the Celts between 800BC and 305AD.]
*[http://www.arqueotavira.com/Mapas/Iberia/Populi.htm Detailed map of the Pre-Roman Peoples of Iberia (around 200 BC), showing the Celtic territories]
*[http://www.resourcesforhistory.com/map.htm Map of Celtic lands]
===Multimedia===
*[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-3932614824851254533&q=lost+treasures+of+the+ancient+world&total=106&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=5 "The Celts"] - part of ''Lost Treasures of the Ancient World'', Cromwell Productions, 2000.
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20020221.shtml Discussion] - with academician [[Barry Cunliffe]], on [[BBC Radio 4]]'s ''[[In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)|In Our Time]]'', [[February 21]], [[2002]]. (Streaming [[Realplayer]] format)
*[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=5738673982827673282&q=celts&total=1836&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=4 "The Primitive Celts"] - part of ''Terry Jones' Barbarians'', June 2006.
===Organisations===
*[http://www.ordemgael.moonfruit.com Gael Order, group of study and cultural heritage]
*[http://newworldcelts.org newworldcelts.org]
*[http://www.celtic-congress-2007.com XIII. International Congress of Celtic Studies in Bonn]
===Special interest===
*[http://www.familytreedna.com/public/Nordic-Celtic Related Nordic-Celtic DNA material] - at FamilyTreeDNA.com
* http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/celts-descended-from-spanish-fishermen-study-finds-416727.html
[[Category: General Reference]]
[[Category: History]]