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==Definitions==
*1. The [[study]] of ''symbolic'' representation, esp. of the [[origin]] and [[meaning]] of [[Scripture]] types; also transf. symbolic significance, representation, or treatment; symbolism.
*2. The study of or a [[discourse]] on printing types or printing.
*3. The study of classes with common characteristics; classification, esp. of human products, [[behavior]], characteristics, etc., according to type; the comparative [[analysis]] of structural or other characteristics; a classification or analysis of this kind.
==Personality Typology==
The [[concept]] of [[personality]] type refers to the [[psychological]] classification of different types of [[individuals]]. Personality types can be distinguished from personality traits, which come in different levels or degrees. Types involve qualitative [[differences]] between people, whereas traits involve quantitative differences.[1] According to type theories, for example, introverts and extraverts are two fundamentally different categories of people. According to trait theories, introversion and extraversion are part of a continuous [[dimension]], with many people in the middle. While typologies of all sorts have existed throughout time the most influential idea of psychological types originated in the theoretical work of [[Carl Jung]], published as Psychological Types in 1921. Other typologies such as Socionics, MBTI, and Keirsey Temperament Sorter all have roots in Jungian philosophy.
==Criticism==
The term "type" has not been used consistently in [[psychology]] and has become the source of some confusion. Furthermore, because [[personality]] test scores usually fall on a bell curve rather than in distinct categories,[4] personality type theories have received considerable criticism among [[psychometric]] [[research]]ers. One study that directly compared a "type" instrument (the MBTI) to a "trait" instrument (the NEO PI) found that the trait measure was a better predictor of personality disorders.[5] Because of these problems, personality type theories have fallen out of favor in psychology. Most researchers now believe that it is impossible to explain the [[diversity]] of human personality with a small number of discrete types. They recommend trait models instead, such as the five factor model.[6][7][8]
==References==
# Bernstein, Penner, Clarke-Stewart, & Roy (2008). Psychology, 8th edition. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company.
# "Bates, K. L. (2006). Type A personality not linked to heart disease". Retrieved 2006-11-05.
# Kagan, J. (1994). Galen's Prophecy: Temperament in Human Nature. New York: Basic Books.
# Bess, T.L. & Harvey, R.J. (2001). Bimodal score distributions and the MBTI: Fact or artifact? Paper presented at the 2001 Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, San Diego, USA.
# Furnham, A., & Crump, J. (2005). Personality Traits, Types, and Disorders: An Examination of the Relationship Between Three Self-Report Measures. European Journal of Personality, 19, 167-184.
# Asendorpf, J. B. (2003). Head-to-head comparison of the predictive validity of personality types and dimensions. European Journal of Personality, 17, 327–346.
# Pittenger, D. J. (2004). The limitations of extracting typologies from trait measures of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 779–787.
# McCrae, R. R., Terracciano, A., Costa, P. T., & Ozer, D. J. (2006). Person-factors in the California adult Q-set: Closing the door on personality types? European Journal of Personality, 20, 29-44.
[[Category: Psychology]]
==Definitions==
*1. The [[study]] of ''symbolic'' representation, esp. of the [[origin]] and [[meaning]] of [[Scripture]] types; also transf. symbolic significance, representation, or treatment; symbolism.
*2. The study of or a [[discourse]] on printing types or printing.
*3. The study of classes with common characteristics; classification, esp. of human products, [[behavior]], characteristics, etc., according to type; the comparative [[analysis]] of structural or other characteristics; a classification or analysis of this kind.
==Personality Typology==
The [[concept]] of [[personality]] type refers to the [[psychological]] classification of different types of [[individuals]]. Personality types can be distinguished from personality traits, which come in different levels or degrees. Types involve qualitative [[differences]] between people, whereas traits involve quantitative differences.[1] According to type theories, for example, introverts and extraverts are two fundamentally different categories of people. According to trait theories, introversion and extraversion are part of a continuous [[dimension]], with many people in the middle. While typologies of all sorts have existed throughout time the most influential idea of psychological types originated in the theoretical work of [[Carl Jung]], published as Psychological Types in 1921. Other typologies such as Socionics, MBTI, and Keirsey Temperament Sorter all have roots in Jungian philosophy.
==Criticism==
The term "type" has not been used consistently in [[psychology]] and has become the source of some confusion. Furthermore, because [[personality]] test scores usually fall on a bell curve rather than in distinct categories,[4] personality type theories have received considerable criticism among [[psychometric]] [[research]]ers. One study that directly compared a "type" instrument (the MBTI) to a "trait" instrument (the NEO PI) found that the trait measure was a better predictor of personality disorders.[5] Because of these problems, personality type theories have fallen out of favor in psychology. Most researchers now believe that it is impossible to explain the [[diversity]] of human personality with a small number of discrete types. They recommend trait models instead, such as the five factor model.[6][7][8]
==References==
# Bernstein, Penner, Clarke-Stewart, & Roy (2008). Psychology, 8th edition. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company.
# "Bates, K. L. (2006). Type A personality not linked to heart disease". Retrieved 2006-11-05.
# Kagan, J. (1994). Galen's Prophecy: Temperament in Human Nature. New York: Basic Books.
# Bess, T.L. & Harvey, R.J. (2001). Bimodal score distributions and the MBTI: Fact or artifact? Paper presented at the 2001 Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, San Diego, USA.
# Furnham, A., & Crump, J. (2005). Personality Traits, Types, and Disorders: An Examination of the Relationship Between Three Self-Report Measures. European Journal of Personality, 19, 167-184.
# Asendorpf, J. B. (2003). Head-to-head comparison of the predictive validity of personality types and dimensions. European Journal of Personality, 17, 327–346.
# Pittenger, D. J. (2004). The limitations of extracting typologies from trait measures of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 779–787.
# McCrae, R. R., Terracciano, A., Costa, P. T., & Ozer, D. J. (2006). Person-factors in the California adult Q-set: Closing the door on personality types? European Journal of Personality, 20, 29-44.
[[Category: Psychology]]
