Changes

The coping [[behaviors]] for contempt are neither labeled as withdrawal or approach (can be either). However, the main [[response]] of contempt lies within “publicized [[expression]] of low regard for the objects held in contempt” (Miller, C.H., 2008). By this [[reasoning]], a [[person]] holding contempt would not have the urge to openly [[confront]] the [[person]] with whom they are at odds with, nor would they themselves try to remove the object of contempt; rather, one who holds contempt would have the tendency to hold the view that others should remove the object of contempt, or hold the view that the object of contempt should remove itself. So while one would make their [[feelings]] known to others, the [[person]] with contempt would not [[necessarily]] want to directly deal with the situation at hand. One who is experiencing contempt would exhibit [[negative]] [[affective]] [[behaviors]] that may be labeled as “cold” – this simply [[meaning]] that one who is experiencing the [[emotion]] of contempt would tend to [[alienate]] those responsible.

The coping [[behaviors]] for contempt are neither labeled as withdrawal or approach (can be either). However, the main [[response]] of contempt lies within “publicized [[expression]] of low regard for the objects held in contempt” (Miller, C.H., 2008). By this [[reasoning]], a [[person]] holding contempt would not have the urge to openly [[confront]] the [[person]] with whom they are at odds with, nor would they themselves try to remove the object of contempt; rather, one who holds contempt would have the tendency to hold the view that others should remove the object of contempt, or hold the view that the object of contempt should remove itself. So while one would make their [[feelings]] known to others, the [[person]] with contempt would not [[necessarily]] want to directly deal with the situation at hand. One who is experiencing contempt would exhibit [[negative]] [[affective]] [[behaviors]] that may be labeled as “cold” – this simply [[meaning]] that one who is experiencing the [[emotion]] of contempt would tend to [[alienate]] those responsible.

==Facial expressions==

==Facial expressions==

Many [[research]] [[experiments]] have been conducted to [[decide]] if contempt is recognizable across [[cultures]] and some researchers believe contempt is too closely [[related]] to the [[emotion]] disgust. Even [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin Darwin] (1872) noted that contempt [[shares]] with [[moral]] disgust several common features and one can be mistaken for the other. Both contempt and disgust can fit into the hostility triad, sharing the disapproval of others, and can also be included in the ‘CAD triad’ as they exhibit the common theme of violation of moral [[ethics]]. Ekman and Friesen’s [[study]] that gave the first recorded percentages of more than 75% of all their samples distinguishing contempt over the other basic six [[emotions]]. Ekman and Friesen found the facial [[expression]] that [[universally]] signals contempt—a tightening and slight raising of the lip corner, primarily on one side of the face. They noted that contempt is the only [[emotion]] [[expressed]] [[asymmetrically]].  

Many [[research]] [[experiments]] have been conducted to [[decide]] if contempt is recognizable across [[cultures]] and some researchers believe contempt is too closely [[related]] to the [[emotion]] disgust. Even [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin Darwin] (1872) noted that contempt [[shares]] with [[moral]] disgust several common features and one can be mistaken for the other. Both contempt and disgust can fit into the hostility triad, sharing the disapproval of others, and can also be included in the ‘CAD triad’ as they exhibit the common theme of violation of moral [[ethics]]. Ekman and Friesen’s [[study]] that gave the first recorded percentages of more than 75% of all their samples distinguishing contempt over the other basic six [[emotions]]. Ekman and Friesen found the facial [[expression]] that [[universally]] signals contempt—a tightening and slight raising of the lip corner, primarily on one side of the face. They noted that contempt is the only [[emotion]] [[expressed]] asymmetrically.  

Although Ekman and Friesen first recognized that facial [[expression]] as the expression that signaled contempt, it was [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin Darwin] who first recognized the facial expression for this [[emotion]]. Darwin was even more detailed in his description of the facial expressions that occur when contempt is being portrayed. He describes that the nose may be slightly turned up, which apparently follows from the turning up of the upper lip; or the movement may be abbreviated into a mere wrinkling of the nose.

Although Ekman and Friesen first recognized that facial [[expression]] as the expression that signaled contempt, it was [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin Darwin] who first recognized the facial expression for this [[emotion]]. Darwin was even more detailed in his description of the facial expressions that occur when contempt is being portrayed. He describes that the nose may be slightly turned up, which apparently follows from the turning up of the upper lip; or the movement may be abbreviated into a mere wrinkling of the nose.

==Cultural contexts==

==Cultural contexts==

Ekman and Friesen (1986) identified a specific facial expression that [[observers]] in each of ten [[cultures]], both Western and non-Western, agreed signaled contempt.” In this [[study]], [[citizens]] of West Sumatra, Indonesia, were given photos of American, Japanese, and Indonesian peoples. Their ability to classify some facial expressions as contempt versus the other categorical [[emotions]] of [[anger]], disgust, [[happiness]], [[sadness]], [[fear]], or [[surprise]] (with the level of agreement equating to 75%) shows that generally, across cultures, contempt is [[universally]] [[understood]]. “An expression in which the corner of the lip is tightened and raised slightly on one side of the face (or much more strongly on one side than the other) signaled contempt.” This study showed that contempt, as well as the outward expression of contempt, can be pointed out across Western and Non-Western peoples when contrasted with other primary emotions.

Ekman and Friesen (1986) identified a specific facial expression that [[observers]] in each of ten [[cultures]], both Western and non-Western, agreed signaled contempt.” In this [[study]], [[citizens]] of West Sumatra, Indonesia, were given photos of American, Japanese, and Indonesian peoples. Their ability to classify some facial expressions as contempt versus the other categorical [[emotions]] of [[anger]], disgust, [[happiness]], [[sadness]], [[fear]], or [[surprise]] (with the level of agreement equating to 75%) shows that generally, across cultures, contempt is [[universally]] [[understood]]. “An expression in which the corner of the lip is tightened and raised slightly on one side of the face (or much more strongly on one side than the other) signaled contempt.” This study showed that contempt, as well as the outward expression of contempt, can be pointed out across Western and Non-Western peoples when contrasted with other primary emotions.