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==Etymology==
[[Latin]] temperatura mixture, moderation, from temperatus, past participle of temperare
*Date: [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Century 1533]
==Definitions==
*1 archaic a : complexion 1
:b : temperament 3b
*2 a : [[degree]] of hotness or coldness [[measured]] on a definite [[scale]]
:b : the [[degree]] of [[heat]] that is [[natural]] to the [[body]] of a living [[being]]
:c : abnormally high body heat <running a temperature>
*3 a : [[relative]] [[state]] of [[emotion]]al warmth <scandals raised the political temperature>
:b : [[mood]] <testing the temperature of voters>
==Description==
'''Temperature''' is a thermodynamic [[quantity]] that is related to the [[average]] [[energy]] of [[motion]], or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energy kinetic energy], of [[particles]] in [[matter]].
Historically, two [[equivalent]] [[concepts]] of temperature have [[developed]], the thermodynamic description and a microscopic [[explanation]] based on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_physics statistical physics]. Since thermodynamics deals entirely with macroscopic measurements, the thermodynamic definition of temperature, first stated by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Kelvin Lord Kelvin], is stated entirely in empirical, measurable variables. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_physics Statistical physics] provides a deeper [[understanding]] of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics thermodynamics] by describing [[matter]] as a collection of a large number of particles, and derives thermodynamic (i.e. macroscopic) [[parameters]] as [[statistical]] [[averages]] of the microscopic parameters of the [[particles]].
In [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_physics statistical physics], it is shown that the thermodynamic definition of temperature can be [[interpreted]] as a [[measure]] of the [[average]] [[energy]] in each [[degree]] of [[freedom]] of the [[particles]] in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_system thermodynamic system]. Because its temperature is seen as a [[statistical]] property, a [[system]] must contain a large number of ''particles'' for temperature to have a useful [[meaning]]. For a [[solid]], this [[energy]] is found primarily in the [[vibrations]] of its [[atoms]] about their [[equilibrium]] positions. In an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_gas ideal monatomic gas], energy is found in the translational [[motions]] of the [[particles]]; with [[molecular]] [[gas]]es, [[vibrational]] and rotational motions also provide thermodynamic [[degrees]] of [[freedom]].
Temperature is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_property physical] property that underlies the common notions of hot and cold. Something that feels hotter generally has a higher temperature, though temperature is not a direct [[measurement]] of [[heat]]. Temperature is one of the principal [[parameters]] of thermodynamics. If no net [[heat]] [[flow]] occurs between two objects, the objects have the same temperature; otherwise, heat flows from the object with the higher temperature to the object with the lower one. This is a consequence of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_thermodynamics laws of thermodynamics].
Temperature is [[measured]] with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermometers thermometers] that may be calibrated to a variety of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_conversion_formulas temperature scales]. In most of the world (except for Belize, Myanmar, Liberia and the United States), the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius Celsius] scale is used for most temperature measuring [[purposes]]. The entire scientific world (these countries included) measures temperature using the Celsius scale and thermodynamic temperature using the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin Kelvin] scale, which is just the Celsius scale shifted downwards so that 0 K[1]= −273.15 °C, or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_zero absolute zero]. Many engineering fields in the U.S., notably high-tech and US federal specifications (civil and military), also use the Kelvin and Celsius scales. Other engineering fields in the U.S. also rely upon the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine_scale Rankine scale] (a shifted Fahrenheit scale) when working in thermodynamic-related [[disciplines]] such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion combustion].[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature]
For a [[system]] in thermal equilibrium at a constant [[volume]], temperature is thermodynamically defined in terms of its [[energy]] (E) and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy entropy] (S) as:
[[File:Temperature.jpg]]
[[Category: Physics]]
==Etymology==
[[Latin]] temperatura mixture, moderation, from temperatus, past participle of temperare
*Date: [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Century 1533]
==Definitions==
*1 archaic a : complexion 1
:b : temperament 3b
*2 a : [[degree]] of hotness or coldness [[measured]] on a definite [[scale]]
:b : the [[degree]] of [[heat]] that is [[natural]] to the [[body]] of a living [[being]]
:c : abnormally high body heat <running a temperature>
*3 a : [[relative]] [[state]] of [[emotion]]al warmth <scandals raised the political temperature>
:b : [[mood]] <testing the temperature of voters>
==Description==
'''Temperature''' is a thermodynamic [[quantity]] that is related to the [[average]] [[energy]] of [[motion]], or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energy kinetic energy], of [[particles]] in [[matter]].
Historically, two [[equivalent]] [[concepts]] of temperature have [[developed]], the thermodynamic description and a microscopic [[explanation]] based on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_physics statistical physics]. Since thermodynamics deals entirely with macroscopic measurements, the thermodynamic definition of temperature, first stated by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Kelvin Lord Kelvin], is stated entirely in empirical, measurable variables. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_physics Statistical physics] provides a deeper [[understanding]] of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics thermodynamics] by describing [[matter]] as a collection of a large number of particles, and derives thermodynamic (i.e. macroscopic) [[parameters]] as [[statistical]] [[averages]] of the microscopic parameters of the [[particles]].
In [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_physics statistical physics], it is shown that the thermodynamic definition of temperature can be [[interpreted]] as a [[measure]] of the [[average]] [[energy]] in each [[degree]] of [[freedom]] of the [[particles]] in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_system thermodynamic system]. Because its temperature is seen as a [[statistical]] property, a [[system]] must contain a large number of ''particles'' for temperature to have a useful [[meaning]]. For a [[solid]], this [[energy]] is found primarily in the [[vibrations]] of its [[atoms]] about their [[equilibrium]] positions. In an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_gas ideal monatomic gas], energy is found in the translational [[motions]] of the [[particles]]; with [[molecular]] [[gas]]es, [[vibrational]] and rotational motions also provide thermodynamic [[degrees]] of [[freedom]].
Temperature is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_property physical] property that underlies the common notions of hot and cold. Something that feels hotter generally has a higher temperature, though temperature is not a direct [[measurement]] of [[heat]]. Temperature is one of the principal [[parameters]] of thermodynamics. If no net [[heat]] [[flow]] occurs between two objects, the objects have the same temperature; otherwise, heat flows from the object with the higher temperature to the object with the lower one. This is a consequence of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_thermodynamics laws of thermodynamics].
Temperature is [[measured]] with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermometers thermometers] that may be calibrated to a variety of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_conversion_formulas temperature scales]. In most of the world (except for Belize, Myanmar, Liberia and the United States), the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius Celsius] scale is used for most temperature measuring [[purposes]]. The entire scientific world (these countries included) measures temperature using the Celsius scale and thermodynamic temperature using the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin Kelvin] scale, which is just the Celsius scale shifted downwards so that 0 K[1]= −273.15 °C, or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_zero absolute zero]. Many engineering fields in the U.S., notably high-tech and US federal specifications (civil and military), also use the Kelvin and Celsius scales. Other engineering fields in the U.S. also rely upon the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine_scale Rankine scale] (a shifted Fahrenheit scale) when working in thermodynamic-related [[disciplines]] such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion combustion].[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature]
For a [[system]] in thermal equilibrium at a constant [[volume]], temperature is thermodynamically defined in terms of its [[energy]] (E) and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy entropy] (S) as:
[[File:Temperature.jpg]]
[[Category: Physics]]
