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| ==Etymology== | | ==Etymology== |
− | [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=English#ca._1100-1500_.09THE_MIDDLE_ENGLISH_PERIOD Middle English] topographie, from Late Latin topographia, from [[Greek]], from topographein to describe a place, from topos place + graphein to [[write]] | + | [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=English#ca._1100-1500_.09THE_MIDDLE_ENGLISH_PERIOD Middle English] topographie, from Late Latin topographia, from [[Greek]], from topographein to describe a place, from topos place + graphein to [[write]] |
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| The term '''topography''' originated in ancient [[Greece]] and continued in ancient [[Rome]], as the detailed description of a place. The [[word]] comes from the Greek [[words]] τόπος (topos, place) and γραφία (graphia, writing). In [[classical]] [[literature]] this refers to [[writing]] about a place or places, what is now largely called 'local [[history]]'. In Britain and in Europe in general, the word topography is still sometimes used in its original sense. | | The term '''topography''' originated in ancient [[Greece]] and continued in ancient [[Rome]], as the detailed description of a place. The [[word]] comes from the Greek [[words]] τόπος (topos, place) and γραφία (graphia, writing). In [[classical]] [[literature]] this refers to [[writing]] about a place or places, what is now largely called 'local [[history]]'. In Britain and in Europe in general, the word topography is still sometimes used in its original sense. |
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− | Detailed military surveys in Britain (beginning in the late eighteenth century) were called [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_Survey Ordnance Surveys], and this term was used into the 20th century as generic for topographic surveys and maps. The earliest [[scientific]] surveys in France were called the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassini Cassini] maps after the [[family]] who produced them over four [[generations]]. The term "topographic surveys" appears to be [[American]] in [[origin]]. The earliest detailed surveys in the United States were made by the “Topographical Bureau of the Army,” formed during the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812 War of 1812]. After the [[work]] of national mapping was assumed by the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Geological_Survey U.S. Geological Survey] in 1878, the term topographical remained as a general term for detailed surveys and mapping programs, and has been adopted by most other nations as standard. | + | Detailed military surveys in Britain (beginning in the late eighteenth century) were called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_Survey Ordnance Surveys], and this term was used into the 20th century as generic for topographic surveys and maps. The earliest [[scientific]] surveys in France were called the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassini Cassini] maps after the [[family]] who produced them over four [[generations]]. The term "topographic surveys" appears to be [[American]] in [[origin]]. The earliest detailed surveys in the United States were made by the “Topographical Bureau of the Army,” formed during the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812 War of 1812]. After the [[work]] of national mapping was assumed by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Geological_Survey U.S. Geological Survey] in 1878, the term topographical remained as a general term for detailed surveys and mapping programs, and has been adopted by most other nations as standard. |
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− | In the 20th century, the term topography started to be used to describe [[surface]] description in other fields where [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map mapping] in a broader sense is used, particularly in medical fields such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology neurology]. | + | In the 20th century, the term topography started to be used to describe [[surface]] description in other fields where [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map mapping] in a broader sense is used, particularly in medical fields such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology neurology]. |
− | *Date: [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Century 15th century] | + | *Date: [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Century 15th century] |
| ==Definitions== | | ==Definitions== |
| *1 a : the [[art]] or [[practice]] of graphic delineation in detail usually on maps or charts of [[natural]] and man-made features of a place or region especially in a way to show their [[relative]] positions and elevations | | *1 a : the [[art]] or [[practice]] of graphic delineation in detail usually on maps or charts of [[natural]] and man-made features of a place or region especially in a way to show their [[relative]] positions and elevations |
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| In a broader sense, topography is concerned with local detail in general, including not only relief but also [[vegetative]] and [[human]]-made features, and even local [[history]] and [[culture]]. This [[meaning]] is less common in America, where topographic maps with elevation contours have made "topography" synonymous with relief. The older sense of topography as the [[study]] of place still has currency in Europe. | | In a broader sense, topography is concerned with local detail in general, including not only relief but also [[vegetative]] and [[human]]-made features, and even local [[history]] and [[culture]]. This [[meaning]] is less common in America, where topographic maps with elevation contours have made "topography" synonymous with relief. The older sense of topography as the [[study]] of place still has currency in Europe. |
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− | Topography as it specifically involves the recording of relief or terrain, the [[three]]-[[dimensional]] [[quality]] of the [[surface]], and the identification of specific landforms, is also known as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomorphometry geomorphometry]. In modern usage, this involves generation of elevation data in electronic form. It is often considered to include the graphic [[representation]] of the landform on a map by a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartographic_relief_depiction variety of techniques], including [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contour_line contour lines], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypsometric_tints Hypsometric tints], and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaded_relief relief shading]. | + | Topography as it specifically involves the recording of relief or terrain, the [[three]]-[[dimensional]] [[quality]] of the [[surface]], and the identification of specific landforms, is also known as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomorphometry geomorphometry]. In modern usage, this involves generation of elevation data in electronic form. It is often considered to include the graphic [[representation]] of the landform on a map by a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartographic_relief_depiction variety of techniques], including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contour_line contour lines], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypsometric_tints Hypsometric tints], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaded_relief relief shading].[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topography] |
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| [[Category: Geography]] | | [[Category: Geography]] |