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'''World Government''' is the notion of a single common [[political]] [[authority]] for all of [[humanity]]. Its [[modern]] conception is rooted in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_history European history], particularly in the philosophy of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece ancient Greece], in the political formation of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire Roman Empire], and in the subsequent struggle between [[secular]] [[authority]], represented by the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor Holy Roman Emperor], and [[ecclesiastical]] [[authority]], represented by the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope Pope]. The seminal work on the subject was written by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Alighieri Dante Alighieri], titled in Latin, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Monarchia De Monarchia], which in English translates literally as "On Monarchy". Dante's work was published in 1329, but the date of its authorship is disputed.
==History==
===Hugo Grotius===
De jure belli ac pacis (On the Law of War and Peace) is a 1625 [[book]] in [[Latin]], written by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius Hugo Grotius] and published in Paris, on the [[legal]] [[status]] of [[war]]. It is now regarded as a foundational work in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law international law].
===Immanuel Kant===
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Immanuel Kant] wrote the essay "Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch (Zum ewigen Frieden. Ein philosophischer Entwurf.) (1795)". In his essay, Kant describes three basic requirements for [[organizing]] [[human]] affairs to permanently abolish the threat of a [[future]] [[war]], and, thereby, help establish a new era of lasting peace throughout the world. Specifically, Kant described his proposed [[peace]] [[program]] as containing two steps.
The "Preliminary Articles" described the steps that should be taken immediately, or with all deliberate speed:
#"No Secret Treaty of Peace Shall Be Held Valid in Which There Is Tacitly Reserved Matter for a Future War"
#"No Independent States, Large or Small, Shall Come under the Dominion of Another State by Inheritance, Exchange, Purchase, or Donation"
#"Standing Armies Shall in Time Be Totally Abolished"
#"National Debts Shall Not Be Contracted with a View to the External Friction of States"
#"No State Shall by Force Interfere with the Constitution or Government of Another State"
#"No State Shall, during War, Permit Such Acts of Hostility Which Would Make Mutual Confidence in the Subsequent Peace Impossible: Such Are the :Employment of Assassins (percussores), Poisoners (venefici), Breach of Capitulation, and Incitement to Treason (perduellio) in the Opposing State"
Three Definitive Articles would provide not merely a cessation of hostilities, but a foundation on which to build a peace.
#"The Civil Constitution of Every State Should Be Republican"
#"The Law of Nations Shall be Founded on a Federation of Free States"
#"The Law of World Citizenship Shall Be Limited to Conditions of Universal Hospitality"
===Karl Krause===
In 1811, German philosopher [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Krause Karl Krause], suggested, in an essay titled "The Archetype of Humanity", the formation of five regional federations: Europe, Asia, Africa, America and Australia, aggregated under a world [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic republic]. In 1842, the English poet Lord [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Tennyson Alfred Tennyson], published the oft-quoted lines "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locksley_Hall Locksley Hall]": For I dipt into the future, far as human eye could see / Saw a Vision of the world, and all the wonder that would be /... / Till the war-drum throbb'd no longer / and the battle-flags were furled / In the Parliament of man, the Federation of the world. / There the common sense of most shall hold / a fretful realm in awe / And the kindly earth shall slumber / lapt in [[universal]] [[law]].
===League of Nations===
The League of Nations (LoN) was an inter-governmental organization founded as a result of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles Treaty of Versailles] in 1919–1920. At its greatest extent from 28 September 1934 to 23 February 1935, it had 58 members. The League's goals included upholding the new found [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rights_of_Man Rights of Man] such as right of non whites, rights of [[women]], rights of soldiers, disarmament, preventing [[war]] through [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_security collective security], settling disputes between countries through negotiation, [[diplomacy]] and improving global quality of life. The diplomatic philosophy behind the League represented a fundamental shift in [[thought]] from the preceding hundred years. The League lacked its own armed force and so depended on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_power Great Powers] to enforce its resolutions, keep to [[economic]] sanctions which the League ordered, or provide an army, when needed, for the League to use. However, they were often reluctant to do so.
===United Nations===
[[World War II]], 1939–1945, resulted in an unprecedented [[scale]] of destruction of lives (over 60 million dead, most of them civilians), and the use of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons_of_Mass_Destruction Weapons of Mass Destruction]. Some of the acts committed against civilians during the [[war]] were on such a massive scale of savagery, they came to be widely considered as [[crimes]] against [[humanity]] itself. As the war's conclusion drew near, many shocked [[voices]] called for the establishment of [[institutions]] able to permanently prevent deadly international conflicts. This led to the founding of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations United Nations] in 1945, which adopted the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights Universal Declaration of Human Rights] in 1948. Many, however, felt that the UN, essentially a forum for [[discussion]] and coordination between [[sovereign]] governments, was insufficiently empowered for the task. A number of prominent persons, such as [[Albert Einstein]], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill Winston Churchill], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell Bertrand Russell] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi], called on governments to proceed further by taking [[gradual]] steps towards forming an effectual federal world government.
===World Federalist Movement===
The years between the conclusion of [[World War II]] and 1950, when the [[Korean War]] started and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War Cold War] mindset became dominant in international [[politics]], were the "golden age" of the world federalist movement. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Wilkie Wendell Wilkie]'s book "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_World_(book) One World]", first published in 1943, sold over 2 million copies. In another, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emery_Reves Emery Reves]' book "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Anatomy_of_Peace The Anatomy of Peace]"(1945) laid out the [[arguments]] for replacing the UN with a federal world government and quickly became the "bible" of world federalists. The grassroots world federalist movement in the US, led by people such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenville_Clark Grenville Clark], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Cousins Norman Cousins], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Cranston Alan Cranston] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hutchins Robert Hutchins], organized itself into increasingly larger [[structures]], finally forming, in 1947, the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_World_Federalists United World Federalists] (later renamed to World Federalist Association, then [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens_for_Global_Solutions Citizens for Global Solutions]), claiming membership of 47,000 in 1949.
Similar [[movements]] concurrently formed in many other countries, leading to the formation, at a 1947 meeting in Montreux, Switzerland, of a global coalition, now called [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federalist_Movement World Federalist Movement]. By 1950, the movement claimed 56 member groups in 22 countries, with some 156,000 members.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_government]
[[Category: Political Science]]
'''World Government''' is the notion of a single common [[political]] [[authority]] for all of [[humanity]]. Its [[modern]] conception is rooted in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_history European history], particularly in the philosophy of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece ancient Greece], in the political formation of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire Roman Empire], and in the subsequent struggle between [[secular]] [[authority]], represented by the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor Holy Roman Emperor], and [[ecclesiastical]] [[authority]], represented by the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope Pope]. The seminal work on the subject was written by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Alighieri Dante Alighieri], titled in Latin, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Monarchia De Monarchia], which in English translates literally as "On Monarchy". Dante's work was published in 1329, but the date of its authorship is disputed.
==History==
===Hugo Grotius===
De jure belli ac pacis (On the Law of War and Peace) is a 1625 [[book]] in [[Latin]], written by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius Hugo Grotius] and published in Paris, on the [[legal]] [[status]] of [[war]]. It is now regarded as a foundational work in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law international law].
===Immanuel Kant===
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Immanuel Kant] wrote the essay "Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch (Zum ewigen Frieden. Ein philosophischer Entwurf.) (1795)". In his essay, Kant describes three basic requirements for [[organizing]] [[human]] affairs to permanently abolish the threat of a [[future]] [[war]], and, thereby, help establish a new era of lasting peace throughout the world. Specifically, Kant described his proposed [[peace]] [[program]] as containing two steps.
The "Preliminary Articles" described the steps that should be taken immediately, or with all deliberate speed:
#"No Secret Treaty of Peace Shall Be Held Valid in Which There Is Tacitly Reserved Matter for a Future War"
#"No Independent States, Large or Small, Shall Come under the Dominion of Another State by Inheritance, Exchange, Purchase, or Donation"
#"Standing Armies Shall in Time Be Totally Abolished"
#"National Debts Shall Not Be Contracted with a View to the External Friction of States"
#"No State Shall by Force Interfere with the Constitution or Government of Another State"
#"No State Shall, during War, Permit Such Acts of Hostility Which Would Make Mutual Confidence in the Subsequent Peace Impossible: Such Are the :Employment of Assassins (percussores), Poisoners (venefici), Breach of Capitulation, and Incitement to Treason (perduellio) in the Opposing State"
Three Definitive Articles would provide not merely a cessation of hostilities, but a foundation on which to build a peace.
#"The Civil Constitution of Every State Should Be Republican"
#"The Law of Nations Shall be Founded on a Federation of Free States"
#"The Law of World Citizenship Shall Be Limited to Conditions of Universal Hospitality"
===Karl Krause===
In 1811, German philosopher [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Krause Karl Krause], suggested, in an essay titled "The Archetype of Humanity", the formation of five regional federations: Europe, Asia, Africa, America and Australia, aggregated under a world [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic republic]. In 1842, the English poet Lord [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Tennyson Alfred Tennyson], published the oft-quoted lines "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locksley_Hall Locksley Hall]": For I dipt into the future, far as human eye could see / Saw a Vision of the world, and all the wonder that would be /... / Till the war-drum throbb'd no longer / and the battle-flags were furled / In the Parliament of man, the Federation of the world. / There the common sense of most shall hold / a fretful realm in awe / And the kindly earth shall slumber / lapt in [[universal]] [[law]].
===League of Nations===
The League of Nations (LoN) was an inter-governmental organization founded as a result of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles Treaty of Versailles] in 1919–1920. At its greatest extent from 28 September 1934 to 23 February 1935, it had 58 members. The League's goals included upholding the new found [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rights_of_Man Rights of Man] such as right of non whites, rights of [[women]], rights of soldiers, disarmament, preventing [[war]] through [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_security collective security], settling disputes between countries through negotiation, [[diplomacy]] and improving global quality of life. The diplomatic philosophy behind the League represented a fundamental shift in [[thought]] from the preceding hundred years. The League lacked its own armed force and so depended on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_power Great Powers] to enforce its resolutions, keep to [[economic]] sanctions which the League ordered, or provide an army, when needed, for the League to use. However, they were often reluctant to do so.
===United Nations===
[[World War II]], 1939–1945, resulted in an unprecedented [[scale]] of destruction of lives (over 60 million dead, most of them civilians), and the use of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons_of_Mass_Destruction Weapons of Mass Destruction]. Some of the acts committed against civilians during the [[war]] were on such a massive scale of savagery, they came to be widely considered as [[crimes]] against [[humanity]] itself. As the war's conclusion drew near, many shocked [[voices]] called for the establishment of [[institutions]] able to permanently prevent deadly international conflicts. This led to the founding of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations United Nations] in 1945, which adopted the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights Universal Declaration of Human Rights] in 1948. Many, however, felt that the UN, essentially a forum for [[discussion]] and coordination between [[sovereign]] governments, was insufficiently empowered for the task. A number of prominent persons, such as [[Albert Einstein]], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill Winston Churchill], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell Bertrand Russell] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi], called on governments to proceed further by taking [[gradual]] steps towards forming an effectual federal world government.
===World Federalist Movement===
The years between the conclusion of [[World War II]] and 1950, when the [[Korean War]] started and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War Cold War] mindset became dominant in international [[politics]], were the "golden age" of the world federalist movement. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Wilkie Wendell Wilkie]'s book "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_World_(book) One World]", first published in 1943, sold over 2 million copies. In another, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emery_Reves Emery Reves]' book "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Anatomy_of_Peace The Anatomy of Peace]"(1945) laid out the [[arguments]] for replacing the UN with a federal world government and quickly became the "bible" of world federalists. The grassroots world federalist movement in the US, led by people such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenville_Clark Grenville Clark], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Cousins Norman Cousins], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Cranston Alan Cranston] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hutchins Robert Hutchins], organized itself into increasingly larger [[structures]], finally forming, in 1947, the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_World_Federalists United World Federalists] (later renamed to World Federalist Association, then [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens_for_Global_Solutions Citizens for Global Solutions]), claiming membership of 47,000 in 1949.
Similar [[movements]] concurrently formed in many other countries, leading to the formation, at a 1947 meeting in Montreux, Switzerland, of a global coalition, now called [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federalist_Movement World Federalist Movement]. By 1950, the movement claimed 56 member groups in 22 countries, with some 156,000 members.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_government]
[[Category: Political Science]]