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...of the [[Ummayad Caliphate]], the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] and the [[Fatimid Caliphate]]. ...clan rivalries reignited, playing central roles in the conflicts over the Caliphate and contributing to the [[Shi'a]]-[[Sunni]] divide.[https://en.wikipedia.or

....wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaestina_Prima Palaestina Prima] and the Umayyad and Abbasid province of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jund_Filastin Jund Filastin]. Th ...phates], the Shia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate Fatimid Caliphate], Crusaders, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubids Ayyubids], [https://en

During the [[Abbasid caliphate]] a number of thinkers and scientists, many of them non-Muslims or heretica

...an]] and [[Tang Dynasty|Tang]] dynasties of China, to the Muslim [[Abbasid Caliphate]], and others.