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*1952–53 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_J._Toynbee Arnold J. Toynbee] ''An Historian's Approach to Religion'', ISBN 0-19-215260-2 *1927–28 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane J. B. S. Haldane] ''The Sciences and Philosophy'', ISBN 0-40

...ersity of Washington]]; [https://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9655.2006.00372_39.x Herbert S. Lewis] of the [[University of Wisconsin ...Bernstein Namier]], [[Geoffrey Rudolph Elton]], [[G.M. Trevelyan]] and [[A.J.P. Taylor]]. In the 20th century, historians focused less on epic nationalis

...ed civilizations." Civilizations generally declined and fell, according to Toynbee, because of moral or religious decline, rather than economic or environment '''[[Arnold J. Toynbee]]''' in his ''"[[A Study of History]]"'' suggested that there had been a mu

[[File:Toynbee.jpg|right|frame]] ...J. Toynbee, finished in 1961. In this immensely detailed and complex work, Toynbee traces the birth, growth and decay of some 21 to 23 major civilizations in