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*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_century 1685]

*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_century 1685]

==Definitions==

==Definitions==

*1: a [[pleasant]] dreamlike [[fantasy]] indulged in while [[awake]]; [[idle]] [[reverie]]

*1: a [[pleasant]] dreamlike [[fantasy]] indulged in while [[awake]]; [[idle]] [[reverie]]

*2: a pleasant scheme or [[wish]] that is unlikely to be fulfilled; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_dream pipe dream]

*2: a pleasant scheme or [[wish]] that is unlikely to be fulfilled; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_dream pipe dream]

==Description==

==Description==

'''Daydreaming''' is a short-term [[detachment]] from one's [[immediate]] [[surroundings]], during which a person's [[contact]] with [[reality]] is blurred and partially substituted by a [[visionary]] [[fantasy]], especially one of [[happy]], pleasant thoughts, [[hopes]] or [[ambitions]], imagined as coming to pass, and [[experienced]] while awake.

'''Daydreaming''' is a short-term [[detachment]] from one's [[immediate]] [[surroundings]], during which a person's [[contact]] with [[reality]] is blurred and partially substituted by a [[visionary]] [[fantasy]], especially one of [[happy]], pleasant thoughts, [[hopes]] or [[ambitions]], imagined as coming to pass, and [[experienced]] while awake.

There are many types of ''daydreams'', and there is no [[consistent]] [[definition]] amongst [[psychologists]], however the characteristic that is common to all forms of daydreaming meets the criteria for mild [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociation_(psychology) dissociation].

There are many types of ''daydreams'', and there is no [[consistent]] [[definition]] amongst [[psychologists]], however the characteristic that is common to all forms of daydreaming meets the criteria for mild [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociation_(psychology) dissociation].

[[Negative]] aspects of ''daydreaming'' were stressed after human [[work]] became dictated by the [[motion]] of the [[tool]]. As craft production was largely replaced by assembly line that did not allow for any [[creativity]], no place was left for positive aspects of ''daydreaming''. It not only became associated with [[laziness]], but also with [[danger]].

[[Negative]] aspects of ''daydreaming'' were stressed after human [[work]] became dictated by the [[motion]] of the [[tool]]. As craft production was largely replaced by assembly line that did not allow for any [[creativity]], no place was left for positive aspects of ''daydreaming''. It not only became associated with [[laziness]], but also with [[danger]].

For example, in the late 19th century, Toni Nelson argued that some daydreams with grandiose [[fantasies]] are [[self-gratifying]] attempts at "[[wish]] fulfillment". Still in the 1950s, some educational psychologists warned [[parents]] not to let their children daydream, for fear that the children may be sucked into "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosis neurosis] and even [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosis psychosis]".

For example, in the late 19th century, Toni Nelson argued that some daydreams with grandiose [[fantasies]] are [[self-gratifying]] attempts at "[[wish]] fulfillment". Still in the 1950s, some educational psychologists warned [[parents]] not to let their children daydream, for fear that the children may be sucked into "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosis neurosis] and even [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosis psychosis]".

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Interpretation_of_Dreams Freudian psychology] [[interpreted]] ''daydreaming'' as [[expression]] of the repressed [[instincts]] similarly to those revealing themselves in nighttime [[dreams]]. Like nighttime dreams, daydreams also are an example of wish-fulfilment, based on [[infant]]ile experiences and allowed to surface because of relaxed [[censorship]]. He pointed out that in [[contrast]] to nighttime dreams, which are often [[confusing]] and incoherent, there seems to be a [[process]] of "secondary revision" in [[fantasies]] that makes them more lucid, like ''daydreaming''. The state of daydreaming is a kind of [[liminal]] state between [[waking]] (with the ability to think rationally and logically) and [[sleeping]]. They stand in much the same relation to the [[childhood]] [[memories]] from which they are derived as do some of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque Baroque] [[palaces]] of [[Rome]] to the ancient [[ruins]] whose pavements and columns have provided the material for the more recent [[structures]].

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Interpretation_of_Dreams Freudian psychology] [[interpreted]] ''daydreaming'' as [[expression]] of the repressed [[instincts]] similarly to those revealing themselves in nighttime [[dreams]]. Like nighttime dreams, daydreams also are an example of wish-fulfilment, based on [[infant]]ile experiences and allowed to surface because of relaxed [[censorship]]. He pointed out that in [[contrast]] to nighttime dreams, which are often [[confusing]] and incoherent, there seems to be a [[process]] of "secondary revision" in [[fantasies]] that makes them more lucid, like ''daydreaming''. The state of daydreaming is a kind of [[liminal]] state between [[waking]] (with the ability to think rationally and logically) and [[sleeping]]. They stand in much the same relation to the [[childhood]] [[memories]] from which they are derived as do some of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque Baroque] [[palaces]] of [[Rome]] to the ancient [[ruins]] whose pavements and columns have provided the material for the more recent [[structures]].

In the late 1960s, cognitive psychologists Jerome L. Singer of Yale University and John S. Antrobus of the City College of New York, created a ''daydream'' questionnaire. The questionnaire, called the Imaginal Processes Inventory (IPI), has been used to [[investigate]] ''daydreams''. Psychologists Leonard Giambra and George Huba used the IPI and found that daydreamers' imaginary [[images]] vary in [[three]] ways: how vivid or enjoyable the daydreams are, how many [[guilt]]- or [[fear]]-filled daydreams they have, and how "deeply" into the daydream people go.

In the late 1960s, cognitive psychologists Jerome L. Singer of Yale University and John S. Antrobus of the City College of New York, created a ''daydream'' questionnaire. The questionnaire, called the Imaginal Processes Inventory (IPI), has been used to [[investigate]] ''daydreams''. Psychologists Leonard Giambra and George Huba used the IPI and found that daydreamers' imaginary [[images]] vary in [[three]] ways: how vivid or enjoyable the daydreams are, how many [[guilt]]- or [[fear]]-filled daydreams they have, and how "deeply" into the daydream people go.

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistic_psychology Humanistic psychology] on other hand, found numerous examples of people in [[creative]] or artistic [[careers]], such as composers, novelists and filmmakers, developing new [[ideas]] through ''daydreaming''. Similarly, [[research]] scientists and mathematicians have developed new [[ideas]] by daydreaming about their subject areas.

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistic_psychology Humanistic psychology] on other hand, found numerous examples of people in [[creative]] or artistic [[careers]], such as composers, novelists and filmmakers, developing new [[ideas]] through ''daydreaming''. Similarly, [[research]] scientists and mathematicians have developed new [[ideas]] by daydreaming about their subject areas.

Eric Klinger's [[research]] in the 1980s showed that most daydreams are about [[ordinary]], everyday [[events]] and help to remind us of mundane tasks. Klinger's research also showed that over 75% of workers in "[[boring]] jobs", such as lifeguards and truck drivers, use vivid daydreams to "ease the boredom" of their routine tasks. Klinger found that less than 5% of the workers' daydreams involved explicitly [[sexual]] [[thoughts]] and that [[violent]] daydreams were also uncommon.

Eric Klinger's [[research]] in the 1980s showed that most daydreams are about [[ordinary]], everyday [[events]] and help to remind us of mundane tasks. Klinger's research also showed that over 75% of workers in "[[boring]] jobs", such as lifeguards and truck drivers, use vivid daydreams to "ease the boredom" of their routine tasks. Klinger found that less than 5% of the workers' daydreams involved explicitly [[sexual]] [[thoughts]] and that [[violent]] daydreams were also uncommon.

Israeli high school students who scored high on the Daydreaming Scale of the IPI had more [[empathy]] than students who scored low. Some psychologists, such as Los Angeles' Joseph E. Shorr, use the [[mental]] [[imagery]] created during their clients' daydreaming to help gain [[insight]] into their mental state and make [[diagnoses]].

Israeli high school students who scored high on the Daydreaming Scale of the IPI had more [[empathy]] than students who scored low. Some psychologists, such as Los Angeles' Joseph E. Shorr, use the [[mental]] [[imagery]] created during their clients' daydreaming to help gain [[insight]] into their mental state and make [[diagnoses]].

Other recent research has also shown that daydreaming, much like nighttime dreaming, is a time when the brain consolidates learning. Daydreaming may also help people to sort through [[problems]] and [[achieve]] success. Research with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMRI fMRI] shows that [[brain]] areas associated with complex [[problem solving]] become activated during daydreaming episodes.

Other recent research has also shown that daydreaming, much like nighttime dreaming, is a time when the brain consolidates learning. Daydreaming may also help people to sort through [[problems]] and [[achieve]] success. Research with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMRI fMRI] shows that [[brain]] areas associated with complex [[problem solving]] become activated during daydreaming episodes.

Research by Harvard psychologist [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deirdre_Barrett Deirdre Barrett] has found that people who [[experience]] vivid [[dream]]-like mental [[images]] reserve the word for these, whereas many other people when they talk about "daydreaming" refer to milder imagery, realistic [[future]] planning, review of past [[memories]], or just "spacing out".

Research by Harvard psychologist [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deirdre_Barrett Deirdre Barrett] has found that people who [[experience]] vivid [[dream]]-like mental [[images]] reserve the word for these, whereas many other people when they talk about "daydreaming" refer to milder imagery, realistic [[future]] planning, review of past [[memories]], or just "spacing out".

[[Category: Psychology]]

[[Category: Psychology]]