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From Nordan Symposia
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[[File:lighterstill.jpg]][[File:Dreams-on-the-hill.jpg|right|frame]]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_century 1685]
==Definitions==
*1: a [[pleasant]] dreamlike [[fantasy]] indulged in while [[awake]]; [[idle]] [[reverie]]
*2: a pleasant scheme or [[wish]] that is unlikely to be fulfilled; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_dream pipe dream]
==Description==
'''Daydreaming''' is a short-term [[detachment]] from one's [[immediate]] [[surroundings]], during which a person's [[contact]] with [[reality]] is blurred and partially substituted by a [[visionary]] [[fantasy]], especially one of [[happy]], pleasant thoughts, [[hopes]] or [[ambitions]], imagined as coming to pass, and [[experienced]] while awake.
There are many types of ''daydreams'', and there is no [[consistent]] [[definition]] amongst [[psychologists]], however the characteristic that is common to all forms of daydreaming meets the criteria for mild [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociation_(psychology) dissociation].
[[Negative]] aspects of ''daydreaming'' were stressed after human [[work]] became dictated by the [[motion]] of the [[tool]]. As craft production was largely replaced by assembly line that did not allow for any [[creativity]], no place was left for positive aspects of ''daydreaming''. It not only became associated with [[laziness]], but also with [[danger]].
For example, in the late 19th century, Toni Nelson argued that some daydreams with grandiose [[fantasies]] are [[self-gratifying]] attempts at "[[wish]] fulfillment". Still in the 1950s, some educational psychologists warned [[parents]] not to let their children daydream, for fear that the children may be sucked into "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosis neurosis] and even [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosis psychosis]".
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Interpretation_of_Dreams Freudian psychology] [[interpreted]] ''daydreaming'' as [[expression]] of the repressed [[instincts]] similarly to those revealing themselves in nighttime [[dreams]]. Like nighttime dreams, daydreams also are an example of wish-fulfilment, based on [[infant]]ile experiences and allowed to surface because of relaxed [[censorship]]. He pointed out that in [[contrast]] to nighttime dreams, which are often [[confusing]] and incoherent, there seems to be a [[process]] of "secondary revision" in [[fantasies]] that makes them more lucid, like ''daydreaming''. The state of daydreaming is a kind of [[liminal]] state between [[waking]] (with the ability to think rationally and logically) and [[sleeping]]. They stand in much the same relation to the [[childhood]] [[memories]] from which they are derived as do some of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque Baroque] [[palaces]] of [[Rome]] to the ancient [[ruins]] whose pavements and columns have provided the material for the more recent [[structures]].
In the late 1960s, cognitive psychologists Jerome L. Singer of Yale University and John S. Antrobus of the City College of New York, created a ''daydream'' questionnaire. The questionnaire, called the Imaginal Processes Inventory (IPI), has been used to [[investigate]] ''daydreams''. Psychologists Leonard Giambra and George Huba used the IPI and found that daydreamers' imaginary [[images]] vary in [[three]] ways: how vivid or enjoyable the daydreams are, how many [[guilt]]- or [[fear]]-filled daydreams they have, and how "deeply" into the daydream people go.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistic_psychology Humanistic psychology] on other hand, found numerous examples of people in [[creative]] or artistic [[careers]], such as composers, novelists and filmmakers, developing new [[ideas]] through ''daydreaming''. Similarly, [[research]] scientists and mathematicians have developed new [[ideas]] by daydreaming about their subject areas.
Eric Klinger's [[research]] in the 1980s showed that most daydreams are about [[ordinary]], everyday [[events]] and help to remind us of mundane tasks. Klinger's research also showed that over 75% of workers in "[[boring]] jobs", such as lifeguards and truck drivers, use vivid daydreams to "ease the boredom" of their routine tasks. Klinger found that less than 5% of the workers' daydreams involved explicitly [[sexual]] [[thoughts]] and that [[violent]] daydreams were also uncommon.
Israeli high school students who scored high on the Daydreaming Scale of the IPI had more [[empathy]] than students who scored low. Some psychologists, such as Los Angeles' Joseph E. Shorr, use the [[mental]] [[imagery]] created during their clients' daydreaming to help gain [[insight]] into their mental state and make [[diagnoses]].
Other recent research has also shown that daydreaming, much like nighttime dreaming, is a time when the brain consolidates learning. Daydreaming may also help people to sort through [[problems]] and [[achieve]] success. Research with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMRI fMRI] shows that [[brain]] areas associated with complex [[problem solving]] become activated during daydreaming episodes.
Research by Harvard psychologist [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deirdre_Barrett Deirdre Barrett] has found that people who [[experience]] vivid [[dream]]-like mental [[images]] reserve the word for these, whereas many other people when they talk about "daydreaming" refer to milder imagery, realistic [[future]] planning, review of past [[memories]], or just "spacing out".
[[Category: Psychology]]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_century 1685]
==Definitions==
*1: a [[pleasant]] dreamlike [[fantasy]] indulged in while [[awake]]; [[idle]] [[reverie]]
*2: a pleasant scheme or [[wish]] that is unlikely to be fulfilled; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_dream pipe dream]
==Description==
'''Daydreaming''' is a short-term [[detachment]] from one's [[immediate]] [[surroundings]], during which a person's [[contact]] with [[reality]] is blurred and partially substituted by a [[visionary]] [[fantasy]], especially one of [[happy]], pleasant thoughts, [[hopes]] or [[ambitions]], imagined as coming to pass, and [[experienced]] while awake.
There are many types of ''daydreams'', and there is no [[consistent]] [[definition]] amongst [[psychologists]], however the characteristic that is common to all forms of daydreaming meets the criteria for mild [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociation_(psychology) dissociation].
[[Negative]] aspects of ''daydreaming'' were stressed after human [[work]] became dictated by the [[motion]] of the [[tool]]. As craft production was largely replaced by assembly line that did not allow for any [[creativity]], no place was left for positive aspects of ''daydreaming''. It not only became associated with [[laziness]], but also with [[danger]].
For example, in the late 19th century, Toni Nelson argued that some daydreams with grandiose [[fantasies]] are [[self-gratifying]] attempts at "[[wish]] fulfillment". Still in the 1950s, some educational psychologists warned [[parents]] not to let their children daydream, for fear that the children may be sucked into "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosis neurosis] and even [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosis psychosis]".
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Interpretation_of_Dreams Freudian psychology] [[interpreted]] ''daydreaming'' as [[expression]] of the repressed [[instincts]] similarly to those revealing themselves in nighttime [[dreams]]. Like nighttime dreams, daydreams also are an example of wish-fulfilment, based on [[infant]]ile experiences and allowed to surface because of relaxed [[censorship]]. He pointed out that in [[contrast]] to nighttime dreams, which are often [[confusing]] and incoherent, there seems to be a [[process]] of "secondary revision" in [[fantasies]] that makes them more lucid, like ''daydreaming''. The state of daydreaming is a kind of [[liminal]] state between [[waking]] (with the ability to think rationally and logically) and [[sleeping]]. They stand in much the same relation to the [[childhood]] [[memories]] from which they are derived as do some of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque Baroque] [[palaces]] of [[Rome]] to the ancient [[ruins]] whose pavements and columns have provided the material for the more recent [[structures]].
In the late 1960s, cognitive psychologists Jerome L. Singer of Yale University and John S. Antrobus of the City College of New York, created a ''daydream'' questionnaire. The questionnaire, called the Imaginal Processes Inventory (IPI), has been used to [[investigate]] ''daydreams''. Psychologists Leonard Giambra and George Huba used the IPI and found that daydreamers' imaginary [[images]] vary in [[three]] ways: how vivid or enjoyable the daydreams are, how many [[guilt]]- or [[fear]]-filled daydreams they have, and how "deeply" into the daydream people go.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistic_psychology Humanistic psychology] on other hand, found numerous examples of people in [[creative]] or artistic [[careers]], such as composers, novelists and filmmakers, developing new [[ideas]] through ''daydreaming''. Similarly, [[research]] scientists and mathematicians have developed new [[ideas]] by daydreaming about their subject areas.
Eric Klinger's [[research]] in the 1980s showed that most daydreams are about [[ordinary]], everyday [[events]] and help to remind us of mundane tasks. Klinger's research also showed that over 75% of workers in "[[boring]] jobs", such as lifeguards and truck drivers, use vivid daydreams to "ease the boredom" of their routine tasks. Klinger found that less than 5% of the workers' daydreams involved explicitly [[sexual]] [[thoughts]] and that [[violent]] daydreams were also uncommon.
Israeli high school students who scored high on the Daydreaming Scale of the IPI had more [[empathy]] than students who scored low. Some psychologists, such as Los Angeles' Joseph E. Shorr, use the [[mental]] [[imagery]] created during their clients' daydreaming to help gain [[insight]] into their mental state and make [[diagnoses]].
Other recent research has also shown that daydreaming, much like nighttime dreaming, is a time when the brain consolidates learning. Daydreaming may also help people to sort through [[problems]] and [[achieve]] success. Research with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMRI fMRI] shows that [[brain]] areas associated with complex [[problem solving]] become activated during daydreaming episodes.
Research by Harvard psychologist [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deirdre_Barrett Deirdre Barrett] has found that people who [[experience]] vivid [[dream]]-like mental [[images]] reserve the word for these, whereas many other people when they talk about "daydreaming" refer to milder imagery, realistic [[future]] planning, review of past [[memories]], or just "spacing out".
[[Category: Psychology]]
