Changes

Not to be confused with [[informatics]] or [[information theory]].

Not to be confused with [[informatics]] or [[information theory]].

==History==

==History==

===Early beginnings===

===Early beginnings===

Information science, in studying the collection, [[Categorization|classification]], manipulation, storage, [[information retrieval|retrieval]] and dissemination of [[information]] has origins in the common stock of human knowledge. Information analysis has been carried out by scholars at least as early as the time of the [[Abyssinian Empire]] with the emergence of cultural depositories, what is today known as libraries and archives.<ref>Clark, John Willis. ''The Care Of Books: An Essay On The Development Of Libraries And Their Fittings, From The Earliest Times To The End Of The Eighteenth Century.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1901</ref> Institutionally, information science emerged in the 19th Century along with many other social science disciplines.  As a science, however, it finds its institutional roots in the [[history of science]], beginning with publication of the first issues of ‘‘[[Philosophical Transactions]],’’ generally considered the first scientific journal, in [[1665]] by the Royal Society (London).  

Information science, in studying the collection, [[Categorization|classification]], manipulation, storage, [[information retrieval|retrieval]] and dissemination of [[information]] has origins in the common stock of human knowledge. Information analysis has been carried out by scholars at least as early as the time of the [[Abyssinian Empire]] with the emergence of cultural depositories, what is today known as libraries and archives.<ref>Clark, John Willis. ''The Care Of Books: An Essay On The Development Of Libraries And Their Fittings, From The Earliest Times To The End Of The Eighteenth Century.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1901</ref> Institutionally, information science emerged in the 19th Century along with many other social science disciplines.  As a science, however, it finds its institutional roots in the [[history of science]], beginning with publication of the first issues of ‘‘[[Philosophical Transactions]],’’ generally considered the first scientific journal, in [[1665]] by the Royal Society (London).  

===19th century===

===19th century===

By the 19th Century the first signs of information science emerged as separate and distinct from other sciences and social sciences but in conjunction with communication and computation. In [[1801]], [[Joseph Marie Jacquard]] invented a punched card system to control operations of the cloth weaving loom in France. It was the first use of "memory storage of patterns" system.<ref> Reichman, F. (1961). Notched Cards. In R. Shaw (Ed.), The state of the library art (Volume 4, Part 1, pp. 11-55). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers, The State University, Graduate School of Library Service</ref> As chemistry journals emerged throughout the 1820s and 1830s,<ref> Emard, J. P. (1976). An information science chronology in perspective. Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science , 2(8), 51-56</ref> [[Charles Babbage]] developed his "difference engine," the first step towards the modern computer, in [[1822]] and his "analytical engine” by [[1834]]. By [[1843]] [[Richard Hoe]] developed the rotary press, and in [[1844]] [[Samuel Morse]] sent the first public telegraph message. By [[1848]] William F. Poole begins the ‘‘Index to Periodical Literature,’’ the first general periodical literature index in the US.  

By the 19th Century the first signs of information science emerged as separate and distinct from other sciences and social sciences but in conjunction with communication and computation. In [[1801]], [[Joseph Marie Jacquard]] invented a punched card system to control operations of the cloth weaving loom in France. It was the first use of "memory storage of patterns" system.<ref> Reichman, F. (1961). Notched Cards. In R. Shaw (Ed.), The state of the library art (Volume 4, Part 1, pp. 11-55). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers, The State University, Graduate School of Library Service</ref> As chemistry journals emerged throughout the 1820s and 1830s,<ref> Emard, J. P. (1976). An information science chronology in perspective. Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science , 2(8), 51-56</ref> [[Charles Babbage]] developed his "difference engine," the first step towards the modern computer, in [[1822]] and his "analytical engine” by [[1834]]. By [[1843]] [[Richard Hoe]] developed the rotary press, and in [[1844]] [[Samuel Morse]] sent the first public telegraph message. By [[1848]] William F. Poole begins the ‘‘Index to Periodical Literature,’’ the first general periodical literature index in the US.  

===European documentation===

===European documentation===

The discipline of ''European Documentation'', which marks the earliest theoretical foundations of modern information science, emerged in the late part of the 19th Century together with several more scientific indexes whose purpose was to organize scholarly literature. Most information science historians cite [[Paul Otlet]] and [[Henri La Fontaine]] as the fathers of information science with the founding of the International Institute of Bibliography (IIB) in [[1895]].<ref> Rayward, W. B. (1994). International federation for information and documentation. In W. A. Wiegand, & D. G. David Jr. (Eds.), The encyclopedia of library history (pp. 290-294). New York: Garland Publishing, Inc.</ref> However, “information science” as a term is not popularly used in academia until after [[World War II]].<ref>Day, Ronald. ‘‘Modern Invention of Information.’’ Carbondale, Il.: Southern Illinois University Press, 2001: 7</ref>

The discipline of ''European Documentation'', which marks the earliest theoretical foundations of modern information science, emerged in the late part of the 19th Century together with several more scientific indexes whose purpose was to organize scholarly literature. Most information science historians cite [[Paul Otlet]] and [[Henri La Fontaine]] as the fathers of information science with the founding of the International Institute of Bibliography (IIB) in [[1895]].<ref> Rayward, W. B. (1994). International federation for information and documentation. In W. A. Wiegand, & D. G. David Jr. (Eds.), The encyclopedia of library history (pp. 290-294). New York: Garland Publishing, Inc.</ref> However, “information science” as a term is not popularly used in academia until after [[World War II]].<ref>Day, Ronald. ‘‘Modern Invention of Information.’’ Carbondale, Il.: Southern Illinois University Press, 2001: 7</ref>

===Transition to modern information science===

===Transition to modern information science===

With the 1950's came increasing awareness of the potential of automatic devices for literature searching and information storage and retrieval.  As these concepts grew in magnitude and potential, so did the variety of information science interests. By the 1960s and 70s, there was a move from batch processing to online modes, from mainframe to mini and micro computers. Additionally, traditional boundaries among disciplines began to fade and many information science scholars joined with library programs. They further made themselves multidisciplinary by incorporating disciplines in the sciences, humanities and social sciences, as well as other professional programs, such as [[law]] and [[medicine]] in their curriculum. By the 1980's, large databases, such as Grateful Med at the [[United States National Library of Medicine|National Library of Medicine]], and user-oriented services such as [[Dialog (online database)|Dialog]] and [[Compuserve]], were for the first time accessible by individuals from their personal computers. The 1980s also saw the emergence of numerous Special Interest Groups to respond to the changes. By the end of the decade, Special Interest Groups were available involving non-print media, social sciences, energy and the environment, and community information systems.  Today, information science largely examines technical bases, social consequences, and theoretical understanding of online databases, widespread use of databases in government, industry, and education, and the development of the Internet and World Wide Web. <ref>[https://www.asis.org/history.html ASIST History]</ref>  

With the 1950's came increasing awareness of the potential of automatic devices for literature searching and information storage and retrieval.  As these concepts grew in magnitude and potential, so did the variety of information science interests. By the 1960s and 70s, there was a move from batch processing to online modes, from mainframe to mini and micro computers. Additionally, traditional boundaries among disciplines began to fade and many information science scholars joined with library programs. They further made themselves multidisciplinary by incorporating disciplines in the sciences, humanities and social sciences, as well as other professional programs, such as [[law]] and [[medicine]] in their curriculum. By the 1980's, large databases, such as Grateful Med at the [[United States National Library of Medicine|National Library of Medicine]], and user-oriented services such as [[Dialog (online database)|Dialog]] and [[Compuserve]], were for the first time accessible by individuals from their personal computers. The 1980s also saw the emergence of numerous Special Interest Groups to respond to the changes. By the end of the decade, Special Interest Groups were available involving non-print media, social sciences, energy and the environment, and community information systems.  Today, information science largely examines technical bases, social consequences, and theoretical understanding of online databases, widespread use of databases in government, industry, and education, and the development of the Internet and World Wide Web. <ref>[http://www.asis.org/history.html ASIST History]</ref>  

*See [https://www.libsci.sc.edu/bob/istchron/ISCNET/ISCHRON.HTM Chronology of Information Science and Technology]

*See [http://www.libsci.sc.edu/bob/istchron/ISCNET/ISCHRON.HTM Chronology of Information Science and Technology]

 

== Topics in information science ==

== Topics in information science ==

===Bibliometrics===

===Bibliometrics===

[[Bibliometrics]] is a set of quantitative methods used to study or measure texts and information and is one of the largest research areas within information science.

[[Bibliometrics]] is a set of quantitative methods used to study or measure texts and information and is one of the largest research areas within information science.

Bibliometric methods include the journal [[Impact Factor]], a relatively crude but useful method of estimating the impact of the research published within a journal, in comparison to other journals in the same field. Bibliometrics is often used to evaluate or compare the impact of groups of researchers within a field. In addition it is also used to describe the development of fields, particularly new areas of research.

Bibliometric methods include the journal [[Impact Factor]], a relatively crude but useful method of estimating the impact of the research published within a journal, in comparison to other journals in the same field. Bibliometrics is often used to evaluate or compare the impact of groups of researchers within a field. In addition it is also used to describe the development of fields, particularly new areas of research.

===Data modeling===

===Data modeling===

===Intellectual property===

===Intellectual property===

[[Intellectual property]] (IP) is a disputed [[umbrella term]] for various legal [[entitlement]]s which attach to certain names, written and recorded media, and inventions. The holders of these legal entitlements are generally entitled to exercise various [[exclusive right]]s in relation to the subject matter of the IP. The term ''intellectual property'' links the idea that this subject matter is the product of the [[mind]] or the [[intellect]] together with the [[politics|political]] and [[economics|economical]] notion of [[property]]. The close linking of these two ideas is a matter of some controversy. It is criticised as "a fad" by Mark Lemley of [[Stanford Law School]] and by [[Richard Stallman]] of the [[Free Software Foundation]] as an "overgeneralization" and "at best a catch-all to lump together disparate laws".<ref name="gnu_notipr">{{cite web| last =Stallman| first =Richard| authorlink =Richard Stallman| coauthors =| title =Did You Say "Intellectual Property"? It's a Seductive Mirage| work =| publisher =| date =2004| url =http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.xhtml |format =| doi =| accessdate =2007-04-17 }}</ref>

[[Intellectual property]] (IP) is a disputed [[umbrella term]] for various legal [[entitlement]]s which attach to certain names, written and recorded media, and inventions. The holders of these legal entitlements are generally entitled to exercise various [[exclusive right]]s in relation to the subject matter of the IP. The term ''intellectual property'' links the idea that this subject matter is the product of the [[mind]] or the [[intellect]] together with the [[politics|political]] and [[economics|economical]] notion of [[property]]. The close linking of these two ideas is a matter of some controversy. It is criticised as "a fad" by Mark Lemley of [[Stanford Law School]] and by [[Richard Stallman]] of the [[Free Software Foundation]] as an "overgeneralization" and "at best a catch-all to lump together disparate laws".<ref name="gnu_notipr">{{cite web| last =Stallman| first =Richard| authorlink =Richard Stallman| coauthors =| title =Did You Say "Intellectual Property"? It's a Seductive Mirage| work =| publisher =| date =2004| url =https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.xhtml |format =| doi =| accessdate =2007-04-17 }}</ref>

Intellectual property laws and enforcement vary widely from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.  There are inter-governmental efforts to [[harmonisation|harmonise]] them through [[international treaty|international treaties]] such as the 1994 [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO) [[Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights]] (TRIPs), while other treaties may facilitate registration in more than one jurisdiction at a time. Enforcement of copyright, disagreements over medical and software patents, and the dispute regarding the nature of "intellectual property" as a cohesive notion<ref name="gnu_notipr"/> have so far prevented the emergence of a cohesive international system.

Intellectual property laws and enforcement vary widely from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.  There are inter-governmental efforts to [[harmonisation|harmonise]] them through [[international treaty|international treaties]] such as the 1994 [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO) [[Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights]] (TRIPs), while other treaties may facilitate registration in more than one jurisdiction at a time. Enforcement of copyright, disagreements over medical and software patents, and the dispute regarding the nature of "intellectual property" as a cohesive notion<ref name="gnu_notipr"/> have so far prevented the emergence of a cohesive international system.

===Semantic web===

===Semantic web===

[[Semantic Web]] is an evolving extension of the [[World Wide Web]] in which [[web content]] can be expressed not only in [[natural language]], but also in a form that can be understood, interpreted and used by [[Software agent|software agents]], thus permitting them to find, share and [[Digital integration|integrate]] information more easily.<ref>http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/SW-FAQ#What1</ref> It derives from [[World Wide Web Consortium|W3C]] director [[Tim Berners-Lee]]'s vision of the Web as a universal medium for [[data]], [[information]], and [[knowledge]] exchange.  

[[Semantic Web]] is an evolving extension of the [[World Wide Web]] in which [[web content]] can be expressed not only in [[natural language]], but also in a form that can be understood, interpreted and used by [[Software agent|software agents]], thus permitting them to find, share and [[Digital integration|integrate]] information more easily.<ref>https://www.w3.org/2001/sw/SW-FAQ#What1</ref> It derives from [[World Wide Web Consortium|W3C]] director [[Tim Berners-Lee]]'s vision of the Web as a universal medium for [[data]], [[information]], and [[knowledge]] exchange.  

At its core, the Semantic Web comprises a philosophy,<ref>http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/Activity</ref> a set of design principles,<ref>http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/</ref> collaborative [[working groups]], and a variety of enabling technologies. Some elements of the Semantic Web are expressed as prospective future possibilities that have yet to be implemented or realized.<ref>http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/SW-FAQ#What3</ref> Other elements of the Semantic Web are expressed in formal specifications.<ref>http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/#spec</ref> Some of these include [[Resource Description Framework]] (RDF), a variety of data interchange formats (e.g [[Resource Description Framework|RDF/XML]], [[Notation 3|N3]], [[Turtle (syntax)|Turtle]], and notations such as [[RDF Schema]] (RDFS) and the [[Web Ontology Language]] (OWL). All of which are intended to [[description logic|formally describe]] [[concept]]s, [[term]]s, and [[Causality|relationships]] within a given problem domain.

At its core, the Semantic Web comprises a philosophy,<ref>https://www.w3.org/2001/sw/Activity</ref> a set of design principles,<ref>https://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/</ref> collaborative [[working groups]], and a variety of enabling technologies. Some elements of the Semantic Web are expressed as prospective future possibilities that have yet to be implemented or realized.<ref>https://www.w3.org/2001/sw/SW-FAQ#What3</ref> Other elements of the Semantic Web are expressed in formal specifications.<ref>https://www.w3.org/2001/sw/#spec</ref> Some of these include [[Resource Description Framework]] (RDF), a variety of data interchange formats (e.g [[Resource Description Framework|RDF/XML]], [[Notation 3|N3]], [[Turtle (syntax)|Turtle]], and notations such as [[RDF Schema]] (RDFS) and the [[Web Ontology Language]] (OWL). All of which are intended to [[description logic|formally describe]] [[concept]]s, [[term]]s, and [[Causality|relationships]] within a given problem domain.

===Usability engineering===

===Usability engineering===

===XML===

===XML===

[[XML]] is a [[World Wide Web Consortium|W3C]]-recommended general-purpose [[markup language]] that supports a wide variety of applications.  XML languages or 'dialects' may be designed by anyone and may be processed by conforming software. XML is also designed to be reasonably human-legible, and to this end, terseness was not considered essential in its structure. XML is a simplified subset of [[Standard Generalized Markup Language]] (SGML). Its primary purpose is to facilitate the sharing of data across different information systems, particularly systems connected via the [[Internet]]<ref name=XmlOriginsGoals>{{cite web | title=Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Fourth Edition) - Origin and Goals | url=http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml-20060816/#sec-origin-goals | first=Tim |last=Bray| coauthors=    Jean Paoli, C. M. Sperberg-McQueen, Eve Maler, François Yergeau  | year=September 2006 | publisher=World Wide Web Consortium | accessdate=October 29 | accessyear=2006 }}</ref>.  Formally defined languages based on XML (such as [[RSS (file format)|RSS]], [[MathML]], [[GraphML]], [[XHTML]], [[Scalable Vector Graphics]], [[MusicXML]] and thousands of other examples) allow diverse software to reliably understand information formatted and passed in these languages.

[[XML]] is a [[World Wide Web Consortium|W3C]]-recommended general-purpose [[markup language]] that supports a wide variety of applications.  XML languages or 'dialects' may be designed by anyone and may be processed by conforming software. XML is also designed to be reasonably human-legible, and to this end, terseness was not considered essential in its structure. XML is a simplified subset of [[Standard Generalized Markup Language]] (SGML). Its primary purpose is to facilitate the sharing of data across different information systems, particularly systems connected via the [[Internet]]<ref name=XmlOriginsGoals>{{cite web | title=Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Fourth Edition) - Origin and Goals | url=https://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml-20060816/#sec-origin-goals | first=Tim |last=Bray| coauthors=    Jean Paoli, C. M. Sperberg-McQueen, Eve Maler, François Yergeau  | year=September 2006 | publisher=World Wide Web Consortium | accessdate=October 29 | accessyear=2006 }}</ref>.  Formally defined languages based on XML (such as [[RSS (file format)|RSS]], [[MathML]], [[GraphML]], [[XHTML]], [[Scalable Vector Graphics]], [[MusicXML]] and thousands of other examples) allow diverse software to reliably understand information formatted and passed in these languages.

==Research==

==Research==

==See also==

==See also==

* [[Informatics]]

* [[Informatics]]

== Further reading ==

== Further reading ==

*Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology|id ISBN 159140553X|

*Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology ISBN 159140553X

==External links==

==External links==

* [http://dlist.sir.arizona.edu/ Digital Library of Information Science and Technology] open access archive for the Information Sciences

* [https://dlist.sir.arizona.edu/ Digital Library of Information Science and Technology] open access archive for the Information Sciences

* [http://jis.sagepub.com/ Journal of Information Science]

* [https://jis.sagepub.com/ Journal of Information Science]

* [http://www.asis.org/    American Society for Information Science and Technology]

* [https://www.asis.org/    American Society for Information Science and Technology]

* [http://www.pitt.edu/~jimjim/syllabus.htm Introduction to Information Science]

* [https://www.pitt.edu/~jimjim/syllabus.htm Introduction to Information Science]

* [http://www.asis.org/historyis.html History of Information Science]

* [https://www.asis.org/historyis.html History of Information Science]

* [http://www.twu.edu/library/Nitecki/ The Nitecki Trilogy]

* [https://www.twu.edu/library/Nitecki/ The Nitecki Trilogy]

* [http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/bates/articles/Berkeley.html Information science at the University of California at Berkeley in the 1960s: a memoir of student days]

* [https://www.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/bates/articles/Berkeley.html Information science at the University of California at Berkeley in the 1960s: a memoir of student days]

* [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3991/is_200304/ai_n9208492/pg_1 What Has Information Science Contributed to the World?]

* [https://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3991/is_200304/ai_n9208492/pg_1 What Has Information Science Contributed to the World?]