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Not to be confused with [[informatics]] or [[information theory]].

Not to be confused with [[informatics]] or [[information theory]].

==History==

==History==

===Early beginnings===

===Early beginnings===

Information science, in studying the collection, [[Categorization|classification]], manipulation, storage, [[information retrieval|retrieval]] and dissemination of [[information]] has origins in the common stock of human knowledge. Information analysis has been carried out by scholars at least as early as the time of the [[Abyssinian Empire]] with the emergence of cultural depositories, what is today known as libraries and archives.<ref>Clark, John Willis. ''The Care Of Books: An Essay On The Development Of Libraries And Their Fittings, From The Earliest Times To The End Of The Eighteenth Century.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1901</ref> Institutionally, information science emerged in the 19th Century along with many other social science disciplines.  As a science, however, it finds its institutional roots in the [[history of science]], beginning with publication of the first issues of ‘‘[[Philosophical Transactions]],’’ generally considered the first scientific journal, in [[1665]] by the Royal Society (London).  

Information science, in studying the collection, [[Categorization|classification]], manipulation, storage, [[information retrieval|retrieval]] and dissemination of [[information]] has origins in the common stock of human knowledge. Information analysis has been carried out by scholars at least as early as the time of the [[Abyssinian Empire]] with the emergence of cultural depositories, what is today known as libraries and archives.<ref>Clark, John Willis. ''The Care Of Books: An Essay On The Development Of Libraries And Their Fittings, From The Earliest Times To The End Of The Eighteenth Century.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1901</ref> Institutionally, information science emerged in the 19th Century along with many other social science disciplines.  As a science, however, it finds its institutional roots in the [[history of science]], beginning with publication of the first issues of ‘‘[[Philosophical Transactions]],’’ generally considered the first scientific journal, in [[1665]] by the Royal Society (London).  

===19th century===

===19th century===

By the 19th Century the first signs of information science emerged as separate and distinct from other sciences and social sciences but in conjunction with communication and computation. In [[1801]], [[Joseph Marie Jacquard]] invented a punched card system to control operations of the cloth weaving loom in France. It was the first use of "memory storage of patterns" system.<ref> Reichman, F. (1961). Notched Cards. In R. Shaw (Ed.), The state of the library art (Volume 4, Part 1, pp. 11-55). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers, The State University, Graduate School of Library Service</ref> As chemistry journals emerged throughout the 1820s and 1830s,<ref> Emard, J. P. (1976). An information science chronology in perspective. Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science , 2(8), 51-56</ref> [[Charles Babbage]] developed his "difference engine," the first step towards the modern computer, in [[1822]] and his "analytical engine” by [[1834]]. By [[1843]] [[Richard Hoe]] developed the rotary press, and in [[1844]] [[Samuel Morse]] sent the first public telegraph message. By [[1848]] William F. Poole begins the ‘‘Index to Periodical Literature,’’ the first general periodical literature index in the US.  

By the 19th Century the first signs of information science emerged as separate and distinct from other sciences and social sciences but in conjunction with communication and computation. In [[1801]], [[Joseph Marie Jacquard]] invented a punched card system to control operations of the cloth weaving loom in France. It was the first use of "memory storage of patterns" system.<ref> Reichman, F. (1961). Notched Cards. In R. Shaw (Ed.), The state of the library art (Volume 4, Part 1, pp. 11-55). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers, The State University, Graduate School of Library Service</ref> As chemistry journals emerged throughout the 1820s and 1830s,<ref> Emard, J. P. (1976). An information science chronology in perspective. Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science , 2(8), 51-56</ref> [[Charles Babbage]] developed his "difference engine," the first step towards the modern computer, in [[1822]] and his "analytical engine” by [[1834]]. By [[1843]] [[Richard Hoe]] developed the rotary press, and in [[1844]] [[Samuel Morse]] sent the first public telegraph message. By [[1848]] William F. Poole begins the ‘‘Index to Periodical Literature,’’ the first general periodical literature index in the US.  

===European documentation===

===European documentation===

The discipline of ''European Documentation'', which marks the earliest theoretical foundations of modern information science, emerged in the late part of the 19th Century together with several more scientific indexes whose purpose was to organize scholarly literature. Most information science historians cite [[Paul Otlet]] and [[Henri La Fontaine]] as the fathers of information science with the founding of the International Institute of Bibliography (IIB) in [[1895]].<ref> Rayward, W. B. (1994). International federation for information and documentation. In W. A. Wiegand, & D. G. David Jr. (Eds.), The encyclopedia of library history (pp. 290-294). New York: Garland Publishing, Inc.</ref> However, “information science” as a term is not popularly used in academia until after [[World War II]].<ref>Day, Ronald. ‘‘Modern Invention of Information.’’ Carbondale, Il.: Southern Illinois University Press, 2001: 7</ref>

The discipline of ''European Documentation'', which marks the earliest theoretical foundations of modern information science, emerged in the late part of the 19th Century together with several more scientific indexes whose purpose was to organize scholarly literature. Most information science historians cite [[Paul Otlet]] and [[Henri La Fontaine]] as the fathers of information science with the founding of the International Institute of Bibliography (IIB) in [[1895]].<ref> Rayward, W. B. (1994). International federation for information and documentation. In W. A. Wiegand, & D. G. David Jr. (Eds.), The encyclopedia of library history (pp. 290-294). New York: Garland Publishing, Inc.</ref> However, “information science” as a term is not popularly used in academia until after [[World War II]].<ref>Day, Ronald. ‘‘Modern Invention of Information.’’ Carbondale, Il.: Southern Illinois University Press, 2001: 7</ref>

===Transition to modern information science===

===Transition to modern information science===

With the 1950's came increasing awareness of the potential of automatic devices for literature searching and information storage and retrieval.  As these concepts grew in magnitude and potential, so did the variety of information science interests. By the 1960s and 70s, there was a move from batch processing to online modes, from mainframe to mini and micro computers. Additionally, traditional boundaries among disciplines began to fade and many information science scholars joined with library programs. They further made themselves multidisciplinary by incorporating disciplines in the sciences, humanities and social sciences, as well as other professional programs, such as [[law]] and [[medicine]] in their curriculum. By the 1980's, large databases, such as Grateful Med at the [[United States National Library of Medicine|National Library of Medicine]], and user-oriented services such as [[Dialog (online database)|Dialog]] and [[Compuserve]], were for the first time accessible by individuals from their personal computers. The 1980s also saw the emergence of numerous Special Interest Groups to respond to the changes. By the end of the decade, Special Interest Groups were available involving non-print media, social sciences, energy and the environment, and community information systems.  Today, information science largely examines technical bases, social consequences, and theoretical understanding of online databases, widespread use of databases in government, industry, and education, and the development of the Internet and World Wide Web. <ref>[http://www.asis.org/history.html ASIST History]</ref>  

With the 1950's came increasing awareness of the potential of automatic devices for literature searching and information storage and retrieval.  As these concepts grew in magnitude and potential, so did the variety of information science interests. By the 1960s and 70s, there was a move from batch processing to online modes, from mainframe to mini and micro computers. Additionally, traditional boundaries among disciplines began to fade and many information science scholars joined with library programs. They further made themselves multidisciplinary by incorporating disciplines in the sciences, humanities and social sciences, as well as other professional programs, such as [[law]] and [[medicine]] in their curriculum. By the 1980's, large databases, such as Grateful Med at the [[United States National Library of Medicine|National Library of Medicine]], and user-oriented services such as [[Dialog (online database)|Dialog]] and [[Compuserve]], were for the first time accessible by individuals from their personal computers. The 1980s also saw the emergence of numerous Special Interest Groups to respond to the changes. By the end of the decade, Special Interest Groups were available involving non-print media, social sciences, energy and the environment, and community information systems.  Today, information science largely examines technical bases, social consequences, and theoretical understanding of online databases, widespread use of databases in government, industry, and education, and the development of the Internet and World Wide Web. <ref>[http://www.asis.org/history.html ASIST History]</ref>  

*See [http://www.libsci.sc.edu/bob/istchron/ISCNET/ISCHRON.HTM Chronology of Information Science and Technology]

*See [http://www.libsci.sc.edu/bob/istchron/ISCNET/ISCHRON.HTM Chronology of Information Science and Technology]

== Topics in information science ==

== Topics in information science ==

===Bibliometrics===

===Bibliometrics===

[[Bibliometrics]] is a set of quantitative methods used to study or measure texts and information and is one of the largest research areas within information science.

[[Bibliometrics]] is a set of quantitative methods used to study or measure texts and information and is one of the largest research areas within information science.

Bibliometric methods include the journal [[Impact Factor]], a relatively crude but useful method of estimating the impact of the research published within a journal, in comparison to other journals in the same field. Bibliometrics is often used to evaluate or compare the impact of groups of researchers within a field. In addition it is also used to describe the development of fields, particularly new areas of research.

Bibliometric methods include the journal [[Impact Factor]], a relatively crude but useful method of estimating the impact of the research published within a journal, in comparison to other journals in the same field. Bibliometrics is often used to evaluate or compare the impact of groups of researchers within a field. In addition it is also used to describe the development of fields, particularly new areas of research.

===Data modeling===

===Data modeling===

==See also==

==See also==

* [[Informatics]]

* [[Informatics]]

== Further reading ==

== Further reading ==