Changes

90:4.3 The more [[primitive]] [[tribes]] greatly feared the sick, and for long ages they were carefully avoided, shamefully neglected. It was a great advance in humanitarianism when the [[evolution]] of shamancraft produced [[priests]] and medicine men who consented to treat [[disease]]. Then it became [[customary]] for the entire [[clan]] to crowd into the sickroom to assist the shaman in howling the [[disease]] [[ghosts]] away. It was not uncommon for a [[woman]] to be the diagnosing [[shaman]], while a man would administer treatment. The usual [[method]] of [[diagnosing]] disease was to [[examine]] the entrails of an [[animal]].

90:4.3 The more [[primitive]] [[tribes]] greatly feared the sick, and for long ages they were carefully avoided, shamefully neglected. It was a great advance in humanitarianism when the [[evolution]] of shamancraft produced [[priests]] and medicine men who consented to treat [[disease]]. Then it became [[customary]] for the entire [[clan]] to crowd into the sickroom to assist the shaman in howling the [[disease]] [[ghosts]] away. It was not uncommon for a [[woman]] to be the diagnosing [[shaman]], while a man would administer treatment. The usual [[method]] of [[diagnosing]] disease was to [[examine]] the entrails of an [[animal]].

90:4.4 [[Disease]] was treated by [[chanting]], howling, [http://books.google.com/books?id=7IsQ0SqFlTgC&pg=PA4&dq=healing+hands&hl=en&ei=jzOITKyAEoT68AbIifW-AQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CD0Q6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q=healing%20hands&f=false laying on of hands], [[breathing]] on the patient, and many other [[techniques]]. In later times the resort to [[temple]] [[sleep]], during which healing supposedly took place, became widespread. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_man medicine men] [[eventually]] essayed actual surgery in connection with temple slumber; among the first operations was that of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trephining trephining] the skull to allow a headache [[spirit]] to [[escape]]. The [[shamans]] learned to treat fractures and dislocations, to open boils and abscesses; the shamanesses became adept at [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwifery midwifery].

90:4.4 [[Disease]] was treated by [[chanting]], howling, [https://books.google.com/books?id=7IsQ0SqFlTgC&pg=PA4&dq=healing+hands&hl=en&ei=jzOITKyAEoT68AbIifW-AQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CD0Q6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q=healing%20hands&f=false laying on of hands], [[breathing]] on the patient, and many other [[techniques]]. In later times the resort to [[temple]] [[sleep]], during which healing supposedly took place, became widespread. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_man medicine men] [[eventually]] essayed actual surgery in connection with temple slumber; among the first operations was that of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trephining trephining] the skull to allow a headache [[spirit]] to [[escape]]. The [[shamans]] learned to treat fractures and dislocations, to open boils and abscesses; the shamanesses became adept at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwifery midwifery].

90:4.5 It was a common [[method]] of treatment to rub something [[magical]] on an infected or blemished spot on the [[body]], throw the [[charm]] away, and supposedly [[experience]] a cure. If anyone should [[chance]] to pick up the discarded charm, it was believed he would immediately acquire the [[infection]] or blemish. It was a long time before [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbs herbs] and other real [[medicines]] were introduced. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massage Massage] was [[developed]] in [[connection]] with [[incantation]], rubbing the spirit out of the body, and was preceded by efforts to rub [[medicine]] in, even as moderns attempt to rub liniments in. Cupping and sucking the affected parts, together with bloodletting, were thought to be of [[value]] in getting rid of a [[disease]]-producing spirit.

90:4.5 It was a common [[method]] of treatment to rub something [[magical]] on an infected or blemished spot on the [[body]], throw the [[charm]] away, and supposedly [[experience]] a cure. If anyone should [[chance]] to pick up the discarded charm, it was believed he would immediately acquire the [[infection]] or blemish. It was a long time before [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbs herbs] and other real [[medicines]] were introduced. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massage Massage] was [[developed]] in [[connection]] with [[incantation]], rubbing the spirit out of the body, and was preceded by efforts to rub [[medicine]] in, even as moderns attempt to rub liniments in. Cupping and sucking the affected parts, together with bloodletting, were thought to be of [[value]] in getting rid of a [[disease]]-producing spirit.

90:4.6 Since [[water]] was a potent [[fetish]], it was utilized in the treatment of many ailments. For long it was believed that the [[spirit]] causing the sickness could be eliminated by sweating. Vapor baths were highly regarded; [[natural]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_springs hot springs] soon blossomed as [[primitive]] [[health]] resorts. Early man [[discovered]] that [[heat]] would relieve [[pain]]; he used sunlight, fresh animal organs, hot clay, and hot stones, and many of these methods are still employed. [[Rhythm]] was practiced in an effort to [[influence]] the spirits; the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_toms tom-toms] were [[universal]].

90:4.6 Since [[water]] was a potent [[fetish]], it was utilized in the treatment of many ailments. For long it was believed that the [[spirit]] causing the sickness could be eliminated by sweating. Vapor baths were highly regarded; [[natural]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_springs hot springs] soon blossomed as [[primitive]] [[health]] resorts. Early man [[discovered]] that [[heat]] would relieve [[pain]]; he used sunlight, fresh animal organs, hot clay, and hot stones, and many of these methods are still employed. [[Rhythm]] was practiced in an effort to [[influence]] the spirits; the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_toms tom-toms] were [[universal]].

90:4.7 Among some people [[disease]] was thought to be caused by a wicked [[conspiracy]] between spirits and animals. This gave rise to the [[belief]] that there existed a beneficent [[plant]] remedy for every animal-caused [[disease]]. The red men were especially [[devoted]] to the [[plant]] [[theory]] of universal remedies; they always put a drop of blood in the [[root]] hole left when the plant was pulled up.

90:4.7 Among some people [[disease]] was thought to be caused by a wicked [[conspiracy]] between spirits and animals. This gave rise to the [[belief]] that there existed a beneficent [[plant]] remedy for every animal-caused [[disease]]. The red men were especially [[devoted]] to the [[plant]] [[theory]] of universal remedies; they always put a drop of blood in the [[root]] hole left when the plant was pulled up.

90:4.8 [[Fasting]], dieting, and counterirritants were often used as remedial measures. Human secretions, being definitely [[magical]], were highly regarded; blood and urine were thus among the earliest [[medicines]] and were soon augmented by [[roots]] and various salts. The [[shamans]] believed that [[disease]] spirits could be driven out of the [[body]] by foul-smelling and bad-tasting medicines. Purging very early became a routine treatment, and the [[values]] of raw [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa cocoa] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinine quinine] were among the earliest pharmaceutical [[discoveries]].

90:4.8 [[Fasting]], dieting, and counterirritants were often used as remedial measures. Human secretions, being definitely [[magical]], were highly regarded; blood and urine were thus among the earliest [[medicines]] and were soon augmented by [[roots]] and various salts. The [[shamans]] believed that [[disease]] spirits could be driven out of the [[body]] by foul-smelling and bad-tasting medicines. Purging very early became a routine treatment, and the [[values]] of raw [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa cocoa] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinine quinine] were among the earliest pharmaceutical [[discoveries]].

90:4.9 The [[Greeks]] were the first to evolve truly [[rational]] [[methods]] of treating the sick. Both the [[Greeks]] and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt Egyptians] received their medical knowledge from the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates_valley Euphrates valley]. Oil and wine was a very early [[medicine]] for treating wounds; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castor_oil castor oil] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium opium] were used by the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeria Sumerians]. Many of these [[ancient]] and [[effective]] [[secret]] remedies lost their [[power]] when they became known; secrecy has always been [[essential]] to the successful [[practice]] of fraud and [[superstition]]. Only [[facts]] and [[truth]] court the full [[light]] of [[comprehension]] and rejoice in the [[illumination]] and [[enlightenment]] of [[scientific]] [[research]].

90:4.9 The [[Greeks]] were the first to evolve truly [[rational]] [[methods]] of treating the sick. Both the [[Greeks]] and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt Egyptians] received their medical knowledge from the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates_valley Euphrates valley]. Oil and wine was a very early [[medicine]] for treating wounds; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castor_oil castor oil] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium opium] were used by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeria Sumerians]. Many of these [[ancient]] and [[effective]] [[secret]] remedies lost their [[power]] when they became known; secrecy has always been [[essential]] to the successful [[practice]] of fraud and [[superstition]]. Only [[facts]] and [[truth]] court the full [[light]] of [[comprehension]] and rejoice in the [[illumination]] and [[enlightenment]] of [[scientific]] [[research]].

<center>[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_90 Go to Paper 90]</center>

<center>[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Paper_90 Go to Paper 90]</center>