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| ==Etymology== | | ==Etymology== |
| [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=English#ca._1100-1500_.09THE_MIDDLE_ENGLISH_PERIOD Middle English] faculte, from Anglo-French faculté, from Medieval Latin & [[Latin]]; Medieval Latin facultat-, facultas branch of [[learning]] or [[teaching]], from Latin, [[ability]], [[abundance]], from facilis facile | | [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=English#ca._1100-1500_.09THE_MIDDLE_ENGLISH_PERIOD Middle English] faculte, from Anglo-French faculté, from Medieval Latin & [[Latin]]; Medieval Latin facultat-, facultas branch of [[learning]] or [[teaching]], from Latin, [[ability]], [[abundance]], from facilis facile |
− | *Date: [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Century 14th century] | + | *Date: [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Century 14th century] |
| ==Definitions== | | ==Definitions== |
| *1 : [[ability]], [[power]]: as a : [[innate]] or acquired [[ability]] to [[act]] or do | | *1 : [[ability]], [[power]]: as a : [[innate]] or acquired [[ability]] to [[act]] or do |
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| *4 : [[power]], [[authority]], or [[prerogative]] given or conferred | | *4 : [[power]], [[authority]], or [[prerogative]] given or conferred |
| ==Description== | | ==Description== |
− | A '''faculty''' is a division within a [[university]] comprising one subject area, or a [[number]] of related subject areas (for the North American usage, referring to academic staff, see below). In North American usage such divisions are generally referred to as [[colleges]] (e.g., "college of arts and sciences") or schools (e.g., "school of business"), but may also mix terminology (e.g., [[http://www.harvard.edu Harvard University] has a "faculty of arts and sciences" but a "[[law]] school"). | + | A '''faculty''' is a division within a [[university]] comprising one subject area, or a [[number]] of related subject areas (for the North American usage, referring to academic staff, see below). In North American usage such divisions are generally referred to as [[colleges]] (e.g., "college of arts and sciences") or schools (e.g., "school of business"), but may also mix terminology (e.g., [[https://www.harvard.edu Harvard University] has a "faculty of arts and sciences" but a "[[law]] school"). |
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− | The [[concept]] of a [[university]] with [[different]] faculties for different subjects dates back to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Azhar_University Al-Azhar University], which had individual faculties for a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasah Madrasah], theological [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminary seminary], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia Islamic law] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh jurisprudence], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_grammar Arabic grammar], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_astronomy Islamic astronomy], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_philosophy Islamic philosophy], and [[logic]] in Islamic philosophy. | + | The [[concept]] of a [[university]] with [[different]] faculties for different subjects dates back to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Azhar_University Al-Azhar University], which had individual faculties for a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasah Madrasah], theological [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminary seminary], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia Islamic law] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh jurisprudence], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_grammar Arabic grammar], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_astronomy Islamic astronomy], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_philosophy Islamic philosophy], and [[logic]] in Islamic philosophy. |
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− | The medieval [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris University of Paris], which served as a [[model]] for most of the later medieval [[universities]] in Europe, had four faculties: the Faculties of [[Theology]], [[Law]], [[Medicine]], and finally the Faculty of [[the Arts|Arts]], which every student had to graduate from in order to continue his [[training]] in one of the other three, sometimes known as the higher faculties. The [[privilege]] to [[establish]] these four faculties was usually part of all medieval charters for [[universities]], but not every university could in [[reality]] do so. | + | The medieval [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris University of Paris], which served as a [[model]] for most of the later medieval [[universities]] in Europe, had four faculties: the Faculties of [[Theology]], [[Law]], [[Medicine]], and finally the Faculty of [[the Arts|Arts]], which every student had to graduate from in order to continue his [[training]] in one of the other three, sometimes known as the higher faculties. The [[privilege]] to [[establish]] these four faculties was usually part of all medieval charters for [[universities]], but not every university could in [[reality]] do so. |
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− | ''The Faculty of Art''s took its [[name]] from the [[seven]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_arts liberal arts]: the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivium_(education) trivium] ([[grammar]], [[rhetoric]], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectics dialectics]) and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrivium quadrivium] (arithmetic, [[music]], [[geometry]] and [[astronomy]]). In German, Scandinavian, Slavic and other universities, the name for this faculty would more often [[literally]] [[translate]] as 'faculty of [[philosophy]]'. The degree of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magister_Artium Magister Artium] (Master of Arts) derives its name from the Faculty of Arts, while the degree of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)] originates within German education and derives its name from the German name of the Arts faculty. | + | ''The Faculty of Art''s took its [[name]] from the [[seven]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_arts liberal arts]: the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivium_(education) trivium] ([[grammar]], [[rhetoric]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectics dialectics]) and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrivium quadrivium] (arithmetic, [[music]], [[geometry]] and [[astronomy]]). In German, Scandinavian, Slavic and other universities, the name for this faculty would more often [[literally]] [[translate]] as 'faculty of [[philosophy]]'. The degree of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magister_Artium Magister Artium] (Master of Arts) derives its name from the Faculty of Arts, while the degree of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)] originates within German education and derives its name from the German name of the Arts faculty. |
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| The number of faculties has usually multiplied in modern universities, both through subdivisions of the [[traditional]] four faculties, and through the absorption of academic [[disciplines]] which have [[developed]] within originally [[vocation]]al schools, in areas such as [[engineering]] or [[agriculture]]. | | The number of faculties has usually multiplied in modern universities, both through subdivisions of the [[traditional]] four faculties, and through the absorption of academic [[disciplines]] which have [[developed]] within originally [[vocation]]al schools, in areas such as [[engineering]] or [[agriculture]]. |
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| == Additional North American usage== | | == Additional North American usage== |
− | In [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_English North American English], the [[word]] faculty is also used as a [[collective]] noun for the [[academic]] staff of a [[university]]: senior [[teachers]], lecturers, and/or [[researchers]]. The term is most commonly used in this [[context]] in the United States and Canada, and generally includes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor professors] of various rank: assistant professors, associate professors, and (full) professors, usually [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenure tenured] (or tenure-track) in terms of their contract of employment. | + | In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_English North American English], the [[word]] faculty is also used as a [[collective]] noun for the [[academic]] staff of a [[university]]: senior [[teachers]], lecturers, and/or [[researchers]]. The term is most commonly used in this [[context]] in the United States and Canada, and generally includes [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor professors] of various rank: assistant professors, associate professors, and (full) professors, usually [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenure tenured] (or tenure-track) in terms of their contract of employment. |
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− | Members of university [[administration]] (e.g., department chairs, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_(education) deans], vice presidents, presidents, and [[librarians]]) are often also faculty members, in many cases beginning (and remaining) as professors. In some [[universities]], the distinction between 'academic faculty' and '[[administrative]] faculty' is made explicit by the former being contracted for nine months per year, [[meaning]] that they can be absent from the campus during the summer vacation, while the latter are contracted for twelve months per year. These two [[types]] of faculty [[status]] are sometimes known as 'nine month faculty' and 'twelve month faculty'. | + | Members of university [[administration]] (e.g., department chairs, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_(education) deans], vice presidents, presidents, and [[librarians]]) are often also faculty members, in many cases beginning (and remaining) as professors. In some [[universities]], the distinction between 'academic faculty' and '[[administrative]] faculty' is made explicit by the former being contracted for nine months per year, [[meaning]] that they can be absent from the campus during the summer vacation, while the latter are contracted for twelve months per year. These two [[types]] of faculty [[status]] are sometimes known as 'nine month faculty' and 'twelve month faculty'. |
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− | Most university faculty hold a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.D. Ph.D.] or equivalent [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate doctorate] degree. Some [[professionals]] or instructors from other [[institutions]] who are [[associated]] with a particular [[university]] (e.g., by teaching some courses or supervising graduate students) but do not hold professorships may be appointed as adjunct faculty. | + | Most university faculty hold a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.D. Ph.D.] or equivalent [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate doctorate] degree. Some [[professionals]] or instructors from other [[institutions]] who are [[associated]] with a particular [[university]] (e.g., by teaching some courses or supervising graduate students) but do not hold professorships may be appointed as adjunct faculty. |
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− | Other than universities, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_college community colleges] and secondary or primary schools also use the terms faculty and professor to describe their instructors, but this does not hold the same [[status]] as a professor in a university. Other institutions (e.g., teaching [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitals hospitals]) may likewise use the term faculty. | + | Other than universities, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_college community colleges] and secondary or primary schools also use the terms faculty and professor to describe their instructors, but this does not hold the same [[status]] as a professor in a university. Other institutions (e.g., teaching [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitals hospitals]) may likewise use the term faculty. |
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− | Faculty is a distinct category from staff, although members of both groups are employees of the [[institution]] in question. This is distinct from, for example, the British or Australian usage, in which all employees of the institution are staff, of two types: academic staff (North American faculty) and general staff (North American staff).[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_%28university%29] | + | Faculty is a distinct category from staff, although members of both groups are employees of the [[institution]] in question. This is distinct from, for example, the British or Australian usage, in which all employees of the institution are staff, of two types: academic staff (North American faculty) and general staff (North American staff).[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_%28university%29] |
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| [[Category: Education]] | | [[Category: Education]] |