Changes

'''Stress''' is a [[Biology|biological]] term which refers to the consequences of the failure of a [[human]] or animal [[body]] to respond appropriately to [[emotion]]al or [[body|physical]] threats to the organism, whether actual or imagined.  It is "the [[autonomic]] response to environmental [[stimulus]]."

'''Stress''' is a [[Biology|biological]] term which refers to the consequences of the failure of a [[human]] or animal [[body]] to respond appropriately to [[emotion]]al or [[body|physical]] threats to the organism, whether actual or imagined.  It is "the [[autonomic]] response to environmental [[stimulus]]."

It includes a state of alarm and [[adrenaline]] production, short-term resistance as a coping mechanism, and exhaustion. It refers to the inability of a human or animal body to respond.  Common stress symptoms include irritability, muscular tension, inability to concentrate and a variety of physical reactions, such as headaches and elevated heart rate.<ref> Stress can occur in a variety of methods, including anxiety. Anxiety is a form of stress but may have diffrent symptoms, and diffent bodily reactions.[http://www.ehealthmd.com/library/stress/STR_whatis.html]

It includes a state of alarm and [[adrenaline]] production, short-term resistance as a coping mechanism, and exhaustion. It refers to the inability of a human or animal body to respond.  Common stress symptoms include irritability, muscular tension, inability to concentrate and a variety of physical reactions, such as headaches and elevated heart rate.<ref> Stress can occur in a variety of methods, including anxiety. Anxiety is a form of stress but may have diffrent symptoms, and diffent bodily reactions.[https://www.ehealthmd.com/library/stress/STR_whatis.html]

<center>For lessons on the [[topic]] of '''''Stress''''', follow [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Stress this link].</center>

<center>For lessons on the [[topic]] of '''''Stress''''', follow [https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Stress this link].</center>

==Origin and terminology==

==Origin and terminology==

== Models ==

== Models ==

=== General Adaptation Syndrome ===

=== General Adaptation Syndrome ===

[[Hans Selye]] researched the effects of stress on rats and other animals by exposing them to unpleasant or harmful stimuli.  He found that all animals presented a very similar series of reactions, broken into three stages. In 1936, he described this universal response to the stressors as the general adaptation syndrome, or GAS.[http://www.chronicfatigue.org/Selye%20large.html], ''Chronic Fatigue Unmasked'', by Dr. Gerald E. Poesnecker, February 1999 (ISBN 0916285618)

[[Hans Selye]] researched the effects of stress on rats and other animals by exposing them to unpleasant or harmful stimuli.  He found that all animals presented a very similar series of reactions, broken into three stages. In 1936, he described this universal response to the stressors as the general adaptation syndrome, or GAS.[https://www.chronicfatigue.org/Selye%20large.html], ''Chronic Fatigue Unmasked'', by Dr. Gerald E. Poesnecker, February 1999 (ISBN 0916285618)

*'''Alarm''' is the first stage. When the threat or stressor is identified or realized, the [[body]]'s stress response is a state of alarm. During this stage adrenaline will be produced in order to bring about the [[fight-or-flight response]]. There is also some activation of the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), producing [[cortisol]].  

*'''Alarm''' is the first stage. When the threat or stressor is identified or realized, the [[body]]'s stress response is a state of alarm. During this stage adrenaline will be produced in order to bring about the [[fight-or-flight response]]. There is also some activation of the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), producing [[cortisol]].  

==History and usage==

==History and usage==

The term "stress" had none of its current general senses before the 1950s. As a semi-psychological term referring to hardship or coercion, it dated from the 14th century. It is a form of the[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=English#ca._1100-1500_.09THE_MIDDLE_ENGLISH_PERIOD Middle English] ''destresse'', derived via Old French from the [[Latin]] ''stringere'' – to draw tight.[http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bsc/jan/2004/00000045/00000006/art00013 Coping and stress: a conceptual analysis]

The term "stress" had none of its current general senses before the 1950s. As a semi-psychological term referring to hardship or coercion, it dated from the 14th century. It is a form of the[https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=English#ca._1100-1500_.09THE_MIDDLE_ENGLISH_PERIOD Middle English] ''destresse'', derived via Old French from the [[Latin]] ''stringere'' – to draw tight.[https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bsc/jan/2004/00000045/00000006/art00013 Coping and stress: a conceptual analysis]

It had long been in use in [[physics]] to refer to the internal distribution of a force exerted on a material body, resulting in strain. In the 1920s and 1930s, the term was occasionally being used in psychological circles to refer to a mental strain or unwelcome happening, and by advocates of holistic medicine to refer to a harmful environmental agent that could cause illness. Walter Cannon used it in 1934 to refer to external factors that disrupted what he called "homeostasis".  

It had long been in use in [[physics]] to refer to the internal distribution of a force exerted on a material body, resulting in strain. In the 1920s and 1930s, the term was occasionally being used in psychological circles to refer to a mental strain or unwelcome happening, and by advocates of holistic medicine to refer to a harmful environmental agent that could cause illness. Walter Cannon used it in 1934 to refer to external factors that disrupted what he called "homeostasis".  

A new scientific usage developed out of Hans Seyle's reports of his laboratory experiments in the 1930s. Selye started to use the term to refer not just to the agent but to the state of the organism as it responded and adapted to the environment. His theories of a [[universal]] non-specific stress response attracted great interest and contention in [[academic]] physiology and he undertook extensive research programmes and publication efforts.[http://www.jstor.org/pss/285410 Putting Stress in Life: Hans Selye and the Making of Stress Theory]

A new scientific usage developed out of Hans Seyle's reports of his laboratory experiments in the 1930s. Selye started to use the term to refer not just to the agent but to the state of the organism as it responded and adapted to the environment. His theories of a [[universal]] non-specific stress response attracted great interest and contention in [[academic]] physiology and he undertook extensive research programmes and publication efforts.[https://www.jstor.org/pss/285410 Putting Stress in Life: Hans Selye and the Making of Stress Theory]

However, while the work attracted continued support from advocates of psychosomatic [[medicine]], many in [[experiment]]al physiology concluded that his [[concepts]] were too vague and unmeasurable. During the 1950s Selye turned away from the laboratory to promote his concept through popular books and lectures tours.  

However, while the work attracted continued support from advocates of psychosomatic [[medicine]], many in [[experiment]]al physiology concluded that his [[concepts]] were too vague and unmeasurable. During the 1950s Selye turned away from the laboratory to promote his concept through popular books and lectures tours.  

==External links==

==External links==

*[http://www.stress.org/topic-definition-stress.htm The American Institute of Stress]

*[https://www.stress.org/topic-definition-stress.htm The American Institute of Stress]

* [http://www.umassmed.edu/Content.aspx?id=41254 University of Massachusetts Medical School Stress Reduction Program]

* [https://www.umassmed.edu/Content.aspx?id=41254 University of Massachusetts Medical School Stress Reduction Program]

*[http://osha.europa.eu/publications/reports/203/index.htm "Research on Work-Related Stress"], European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA)

*[https://osha.europa.eu/publications/reports/203/index.htm "Research on Work-Related Stress"], European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA)

*[http://osha.europa.eu/publications/magazine/5/index.htm "Working on Stress"], European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA)

*[https://osha.europa.eu/publications/magazine/5/index.htm "Working on Stress"], European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA)

*[http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&articleID=00083A00-318C-1F30-9AD380A84189F2D7 "Taming Stress"], ''Scientific American'', September 2003

*[https://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&articleID=00083A00-318C-1F30-9AD380A84189F2D7 "Taming Stress"], ''Scientific American'', September 2003

[[Category: Biology]]

[[Category: Biology]]

[[Category: Psychology]]

[[Category: Psychology]]