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==Psychology==

==Psychology==

In psychology the terms ''affection'' and ''affective'' are of great importance. As all [[intellectual]] phenomena have by [[experimen]]talists been reduced to sensation, so all emotion has been and is regarded as reducible to simple mental affection, the element of which all emotional manifestations are ultimately composed.  The [[nature]] of this element is a problem which has been provisionally, but not conclusively, solved by many psychologists; the method is necessarily experimental, and all experiments on feeling are peculiarly difficult.  The solutions proposed are two.  In the first, all affection [[phenomena]] are primarily divisible into those which are pleasurable and those which are the reverse.  The main objections to this are that it does not explain the [[infinite]] variety of phenomena, and that it disregards the distinction which most philosophers admit between higher and lower pleasures.  The second solution is that every sensation has its specific affective quality, though by reason of the poverty of [[language]] many of these have no name.  W. Wundt, ''Outlines of [[Psychology]]'' (trans.  C. H. Judd, [[Leipzig]], 1897), maintains that we may group under three main affective directions, each with its negative, all the infinite varieties in question; these are (a) pleasure, or rather pleasantness, and displeasure, (b) tension and relaxation, (c) excitement and depression.  These two views are antithetic and no solution has been discovered.  

In psychology the terms ''affection'' and ''affective'' are of great importance. As all [[intellectual]] phenomena have by [[experiment]]alists been reduced to sensation, so all emotion has been and is regarded as reducible to simple mental affection, the element of which all emotional manifestations are ultimately composed.  The [[nature]] of this element is a problem which has been provisionally, but not conclusively, solved by many psychologists; the method is necessarily experimental, and all experiments on feeling are peculiarly difficult.  The solutions proposed are two.  In the first, all affection [[phenomena]] are primarily divisible into those which are pleasurable and those which are the reverse.  The main objections to this are that it does not explain the [[infinite]] variety of phenomena, and that it disregards the distinction which most philosophers admit between higher and lower pleasures.  The second solution is that every sensation has its specific affective quality, though by reason of the poverty of [[language]] many of these have no name.  W. Wundt, ''Outlines of [[Psychology]]'' (trans.  C. H. Judd, [[Leipzig]], 1897), maintains that we may group under three main affective directions, each with its negative, all the infinite varieties in question; these are (a) pleasure, or rather pleasantness, and displeasure, (b) tension and relaxation, (c) excitement and depression.  These two views are antithetic and no solution has been discovered.  

American psychologist [[Henry Murray]] (1893–1988) developed a theory of [[personality]] that was organized in terms of motives, presses, and needs.  According to Murray, these psychogenic needs function mostly on the unconscious level, but play a major role in our personality. Murray classified five affection needs:

American psychologist [[Henry Murray]] (1893–1988) developed a theory of [[personality]] that was organized in terms of motives, presses, and needs.  According to Murray, these psychogenic needs function mostly on the unconscious level, but play a major role in our personality. Murray classified five affection needs: