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'''Cooperation''', co-operation, or coöperation[1] is the [[process]] of working or [[acting]] together, which can be accomplished by both [[intention]]al and non-intentional [[agents]]. In its simplest form it involves things [[work]]ing in [[harmony]], side by side, while in its more complicated forms, it can involve something as complex as the inner workings of a [[human being]] or even the social [[pattern]]s of a nation. It is the alternative to working separately in [[competition]]. Cooperation can also be accomplished by computers, which can handle shared resources simultaneously, while sharing processor [[time]].
<center>For lessons on the [[topic]] of '''Cooperation''', follow [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Cooperation this link].</center>
==Cooperative systems==
Cooperation, more[[ formal]]ly speak is how the components of a [[system]] [[work]] together to achieve the global properties. In other [[words]], [[individual]] components that appear to be “selfish” and independent work together to [[create]] a highly complex, greater-than-the-sum-of-its-parts [[system]]. Examples can be found all around us. The components in a cell work together to keep it living. Cells work together and [[communicate]] to produce multicellular [[organisms]]. Organisms form food chains and ecosystems. People form families, gangs, cities and nations. [[Neurons]] create [[thought]] and [[consciousness]]. [[Atom]]s cooperate in a simple way, by combining to make up [[molecul]]es. Understanding the [[mechanisms]] that create cooperating agents in a system is one of the most important and least well understood [[phenomena]] in nature, though there has not been a lack of effort.
However, cooperation may be coerced (forced), voluntary (freely chosen), or even unintentional, and consequently [[individual]]s and [[group]]s might cooperate even though they have almost nothing in common qua interests or goals. Examples of that can be found in market trade, military [[war]]s, families, workplaces, schools and prisons, and more generally any institution or [[organisation]] of which individuals are part (out of own [[choice]], or by the force of [[law]]).
==Cooperation vs. competition (Collectivism vs. Individualism)==
While cooperation is the [[antithesis]] of competition, the need or desire to compete with others is a common impetus that motivates individuals to organize into a [[group]] and cooperate with each other in order to form a stronger competitive [[force]].
Cooperation in many areas, such as farming and housing, may be in the form of a cooperative or, alternately, in the form of a conventional business.
Many people resort to this because, they may cooperate by trading with each other or by altruistic sharing. Certain forms of cooperation are illegal in some jurisdictions because they alter the [[nature]] of access by others to [[economic]] or other resources. Thus, cooperation in the form of cartels or price-fixing may be illegal.
A few [[mechanism]]s have been suggested for the [[appearance]] of cooperation between [[human]]s or in natural [[system]].
==The Prisoner's Dilemma==
Even if all members of a group would benefit if all cooperate, individual self-interest may not favor cooperation. The prisoner's dilemma codifies this problem and has been the subject of much [[research]], both theoretical and [[experiment]]al. Results from experimental [[economics]] show that humans often act more cooperatively than strict self-interest would seem to dictate. One reason for this may be that if the prisoner's [[dilemma]] situation is repeated (the iterated prisoner's dilemma), it allows non-cooperation to be punished more, and cooperation to be rewarded more, than the single-shot version of the problem would suggest. It has been suggested that this is one reason for the [[evolution]] of complex [[emotion]]s in higher life forms, who, at least as infants, and usually thereafter, cannot survive without cooperating - although with maturation they gain much more [[choice]] about the kinds of cooperation they wish to have.
There are four main conditions that tend to be necessary for cooperative [[behaviour]] to develop between individuals:
*An overlap in desires
*A [[chance]] of future encounters with the same [[individual]]
*[[Memory]] of past encounters with that [[individual]]
*A [[value]] associated with future outcomes
==References==
*The Evolution of Cooperation, Robert Axelrod, Basic Books, ISBN 0-465-02121-2
*The Complexity of Cooperation, Robert Axelrod, Princeton Paperbacks, ISBN 0-691-01567-8
*The Selfish Gene, Richard Dawkins (1990), second edition -- includes two chapters about the evolution of cooperation, ISBN 0-19-286092-5
*The Seven Challenges: A Workbook and Reader About Communicating More Cooperatively, Dennis Rivers, fourth edition, 2005 -- treats cooperation as a set of skills that can be improved.
*Herbert Gintis, Samuel Bowles, Robert T. Boyd, Ernst Fehr (eds.), ''Moral Sentiments and Material Interests: The Foundations of Cooperation in Economic Life (Economic Learning and Social Evolution''). MIT 2005
*John McMurtry, "How Competition Goes Wrong." Journal of Applied Philosophy, 8(2): 200-210, 1991.
[edit]Notes
# The third variant is now somewhat rare. This is a rare example of a diacritic not borrowed from any foreign language, but purely of English origin (compare the original French coopération). See the list of English words with diacritics for other examples
==External links==
* PDF [http://www.rheingold.com/cooperation/CooperationProject_3_30_05.pdf The Cooperation Project: Objectives, Accomplishments, and Proposals] [rheingold.com Howard Rheingold's project with [http://www.iftf.org/ Institute for the Future].
* cooperation platform for transport research (scientific) [http://www.etra.cc more]
* [http://www.imprology.com/games/viewallgames.html The Far Games] A list of games using theatrical improvisation to encourage collaboration and distributed leadership
[[Category: Sociology]]
[[Category: Economics]]
[[Category: Psychology]]
'''Cooperation''', co-operation, or coöperation[1] is the [[process]] of working or [[acting]] together, which can be accomplished by both [[intention]]al and non-intentional [[agents]]. In its simplest form it involves things [[work]]ing in [[harmony]], side by side, while in its more complicated forms, it can involve something as complex as the inner workings of a [[human being]] or even the social [[pattern]]s of a nation. It is the alternative to working separately in [[competition]]. Cooperation can also be accomplished by computers, which can handle shared resources simultaneously, while sharing processor [[time]].
<center>For lessons on the [[topic]] of '''Cooperation''', follow [http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Cooperation this link].</center>
==Cooperative systems==
Cooperation, more[[ formal]]ly speak is how the components of a [[system]] [[work]] together to achieve the global properties. In other [[words]], [[individual]] components that appear to be “selfish” and independent work together to [[create]] a highly complex, greater-than-the-sum-of-its-parts [[system]]. Examples can be found all around us. The components in a cell work together to keep it living. Cells work together and [[communicate]] to produce multicellular [[organisms]]. Organisms form food chains and ecosystems. People form families, gangs, cities and nations. [[Neurons]] create [[thought]] and [[consciousness]]. [[Atom]]s cooperate in a simple way, by combining to make up [[molecul]]es. Understanding the [[mechanisms]] that create cooperating agents in a system is one of the most important and least well understood [[phenomena]] in nature, though there has not been a lack of effort.
However, cooperation may be coerced (forced), voluntary (freely chosen), or even unintentional, and consequently [[individual]]s and [[group]]s might cooperate even though they have almost nothing in common qua interests or goals. Examples of that can be found in market trade, military [[war]]s, families, workplaces, schools and prisons, and more generally any institution or [[organisation]] of which individuals are part (out of own [[choice]], or by the force of [[law]]).
==Cooperation vs. competition (Collectivism vs. Individualism)==
While cooperation is the [[antithesis]] of competition, the need or desire to compete with others is a common impetus that motivates individuals to organize into a [[group]] and cooperate with each other in order to form a stronger competitive [[force]].
Cooperation in many areas, such as farming and housing, may be in the form of a cooperative or, alternately, in the form of a conventional business.
Many people resort to this because, they may cooperate by trading with each other or by altruistic sharing. Certain forms of cooperation are illegal in some jurisdictions because they alter the [[nature]] of access by others to [[economic]] or other resources. Thus, cooperation in the form of cartels or price-fixing may be illegal.
A few [[mechanism]]s have been suggested for the [[appearance]] of cooperation between [[human]]s or in natural [[system]].
==The Prisoner's Dilemma==
Even if all members of a group would benefit if all cooperate, individual self-interest may not favor cooperation. The prisoner's dilemma codifies this problem and has been the subject of much [[research]], both theoretical and [[experiment]]al. Results from experimental [[economics]] show that humans often act more cooperatively than strict self-interest would seem to dictate. One reason for this may be that if the prisoner's [[dilemma]] situation is repeated (the iterated prisoner's dilemma), it allows non-cooperation to be punished more, and cooperation to be rewarded more, than the single-shot version of the problem would suggest. It has been suggested that this is one reason for the [[evolution]] of complex [[emotion]]s in higher life forms, who, at least as infants, and usually thereafter, cannot survive without cooperating - although with maturation they gain much more [[choice]] about the kinds of cooperation they wish to have.
There are four main conditions that tend to be necessary for cooperative [[behaviour]] to develop between individuals:
*An overlap in desires
*A [[chance]] of future encounters with the same [[individual]]
*[[Memory]] of past encounters with that [[individual]]
*A [[value]] associated with future outcomes
==References==
*The Evolution of Cooperation, Robert Axelrod, Basic Books, ISBN 0-465-02121-2
*The Complexity of Cooperation, Robert Axelrod, Princeton Paperbacks, ISBN 0-691-01567-8
*The Selfish Gene, Richard Dawkins (1990), second edition -- includes two chapters about the evolution of cooperation, ISBN 0-19-286092-5
*The Seven Challenges: A Workbook and Reader About Communicating More Cooperatively, Dennis Rivers, fourth edition, 2005 -- treats cooperation as a set of skills that can be improved.
*Herbert Gintis, Samuel Bowles, Robert T. Boyd, Ernst Fehr (eds.), ''Moral Sentiments and Material Interests: The Foundations of Cooperation in Economic Life (Economic Learning and Social Evolution''). MIT 2005
*John McMurtry, "How Competition Goes Wrong." Journal of Applied Philosophy, 8(2): 200-210, 1991.
[edit]Notes
# The third variant is now somewhat rare. This is a rare example of a diacritic not borrowed from any foreign language, but purely of English origin (compare the original French coopération). See the list of English words with diacritics for other examples
==External links==
* PDF [http://www.rheingold.com/cooperation/CooperationProject_3_30_05.pdf The Cooperation Project: Objectives, Accomplishments, and Proposals] [rheingold.com Howard Rheingold's project with [http://www.iftf.org/ Institute for the Future].
* cooperation platform for transport research (scientific) [http://www.etra.cc more]
* [http://www.imprology.com/games/viewallgames.html The Far Games] A list of games using theatrical improvisation to encourage collaboration and distributed leadership
[[Category: Sociology]]
[[Category: Economics]]
[[Category: Psychology]]
