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From Nordan Symposia
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==Etymology==
[http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=English#ca._1100-1500_.09THE_MIDDLE_ENGLISH_PERIOD Middle English], to estimate, assess, tax, from Anglo-French taxer, from Medieval Latin taxare, from [[Latin]], to [[feel]], estimate, censure, frequentative of tangere to [[touch]]
*Date: [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Century 14th century]
==Definitions==
*1 : to assess or determine [[judicially]] the amount of (costs in a [[court]] [[action]])
*2 : to levy a tax on
*3 obsolete : to enter (a name) in a list <there went out a [[decree]]…that all the world should be taxed — Luke 2:1(Authorized Version)>
*4 : charge, accuse <taxed him with neglect of [[duty]]>; also : censure
*5 : to make onerous and rigorous [[demands]] on <the job taxed her [[strength]]>
==Description==
To '''tax''' (from the [[Latin]] taxo; "I estimate", which in turn is from tangō; "I [[touch]]") is to impose a [[financial]] charge or other levy upon a taxpayer (an [[individual]] or [[legal]] entity) by a [[state]] or the [[functional]] equivalent of a state such that failure to pay is punishable by [[law]].
Taxes are also imposed by many subnational [[entities]]. Taxes consist of direct tax or indirect tax, and may be paid in [[money]] or as its labour equivalent (often but not always unpaid labour). A tax may be defined as a "pecuniary burden laid upon [[individuals]] or [[property]] owners to [[support]] the [[government]]
[…] a payment exacted by [[legislative]] authority." A tax "is not a voluntary payment or donation, but an enforced [[contribution]], exacted pursuant to [[legislative]] [[authority]]" and is "any contribution imposed by government […] whether under the name of toll, tribute, tallage, gabel, impost, [[duty]], [[custom]], excise, subsidy, aid, supply, or other name"
The [[legal]] definition and the [[economic]] definition of taxes [[differ]] in that [[economists]] do not consider many [[transfers]] to [[governments]] to be taxes. For example, some transfers to the [[public]] sector are comparable to prices. Examples include tuition at [[public]] [[universities]] and fees for utilities provided by local governments. [[Governments]] also obtain [[resources]] by creating [[money]] (e.g., printing bills and minting coins), through [[voluntary]] gifts (e.g., contributions to [[public]] [[universities]] and museums),by imposing penalties (e.g., traffic fines), by borrowing, and by confiscating [[wealth]]. From the view of [[economists]], a tax is a non-penal, yet compulsory [[transfer]] of [[resources]] from the [[private]] to the [[public]] sector levied on a basis of predetermined criteria and without [[reference]] to specific benefit received.
In modern taxation [[systems]], taxes are levied in [[money]], but [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-kind in-kind] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e corvée] taxation are characteristic of [[traditional]] or pre-[[capitalist]] states and their [[functional]] equivalents. The [[method]] of taxation and the [[government]] expenditure of taxes raised is often highly [[debated]] in [[politics]] and [[economics]]. Tax collection is performed by a government [[agency]] such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Revenue_Agency Canada Revenue Agency], the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service Internal Revenue Service] (IRS) in the United States, or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Revenue_and_Customs Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs] (HMRC) in the UK. When taxes are not fully paid, civil penalties (such as fines or forfeiture) or [[criminal]] penalties (such as incarceration) may be imposed on the non-paying [[entity]] or [[individual]].[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax]
[[Category: Political Science]]
[[Category: Economics]]
==Etymology==
[http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=English#ca._1100-1500_.09THE_MIDDLE_ENGLISH_PERIOD Middle English], to estimate, assess, tax, from Anglo-French taxer, from Medieval Latin taxare, from [[Latin]], to [[feel]], estimate, censure, frequentative of tangere to [[touch]]
*Date: [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Century 14th century]
==Definitions==
*1 : to assess or determine [[judicially]] the amount of (costs in a [[court]] [[action]])
*2 : to levy a tax on
*3 obsolete : to enter (a name) in a list <there went out a [[decree]]…that all the world should be taxed — Luke 2:1(Authorized Version)>
*4 : charge, accuse <taxed him with neglect of [[duty]]>; also : censure
*5 : to make onerous and rigorous [[demands]] on <the job taxed her [[strength]]>
==Description==
To '''tax''' (from the [[Latin]] taxo; "I estimate", which in turn is from tangō; "I [[touch]]") is to impose a [[financial]] charge or other levy upon a taxpayer (an [[individual]] or [[legal]] entity) by a [[state]] or the [[functional]] equivalent of a state such that failure to pay is punishable by [[law]].
Taxes are also imposed by many subnational [[entities]]. Taxes consist of direct tax or indirect tax, and may be paid in [[money]] or as its labour equivalent (often but not always unpaid labour). A tax may be defined as a "pecuniary burden laid upon [[individuals]] or [[property]] owners to [[support]] the [[government]]
[…] a payment exacted by [[legislative]] authority." A tax "is not a voluntary payment or donation, but an enforced [[contribution]], exacted pursuant to [[legislative]] [[authority]]" and is "any contribution imposed by government […] whether under the name of toll, tribute, tallage, gabel, impost, [[duty]], [[custom]], excise, subsidy, aid, supply, or other name"
The [[legal]] definition and the [[economic]] definition of taxes [[differ]] in that [[economists]] do not consider many [[transfers]] to [[governments]] to be taxes. For example, some transfers to the [[public]] sector are comparable to prices. Examples include tuition at [[public]] [[universities]] and fees for utilities provided by local governments. [[Governments]] also obtain [[resources]] by creating [[money]] (e.g., printing bills and minting coins), through [[voluntary]] gifts (e.g., contributions to [[public]] [[universities]] and museums),by imposing penalties (e.g., traffic fines), by borrowing, and by confiscating [[wealth]]. From the view of [[economists]], a tax is a non-penal, yet compulsory [[transfer]] of [[resources]] from the [[private]] to the [[public]] sector levied on a basis of predetermined criteria and without [[reference]] to specific benefit received.
In modern taxation [[systems]], taxes are levied in [[money]], but [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-kind in-kind] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e corvée] taxation are characteristic of [[traditional]] or pre-[[capitalist]] states and their [[functional]] equivalents. The [[method]] of taxation and the [[government]] expenditure of taxes raised is often highly [[debated]] in [[politics]] and [[economics]]. Tax collection is performed by a government [[agency]] such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Revenue_Agency Canada Revenue Agency], the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service Internal Revenue Service] (IRS) in the United States, or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Revenue_and_Customs Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs] (HMRC) in the UK. When taxes are not fully paid, civil penalties (such as fines or forfeiture) or [[criminal]] penalties (such as incarceration) may be imposed on the non-paying [[entity]] or [[individual]].[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax]
[[Category: Political Science]]
[[Category: Economics]]
