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| − | ==Noun==
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| − | '''acronym''' (plural acronyms)
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| − | ==Etymology==
| + | *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943 1943] |
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| − | From acro- "sharp, high" + -onym "name", modelled after homonym and synonym. From Ancient Greek ἄκρος (akros) "extremity" and ὄνομα "name".
| + | ==Definition== |
| | + | *1: a [[word]] (as NATO, radar, or laser) formed from the initial letter or [[letters]] of each of the successive [[parts]] or major parts of a compound term; also : an abbreviation (as FBI) formed from initial letters |
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| − | *1. An abbreviation formed by (usually initial) letters taken from a word or series of words, and which is itself pronounced as a word, such as RAM, radar, or scuba; sometimes contrasted with initialism.
| + | ==Description== |
| − | *2. Any abbreviation so formed, regardless of pronunciation, such as TNT, IBM, or XML.
| + | An '''acronym''' is an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbreviation abbreviation] formed from the initial components in a phrase or a [[word]]. These components may be individual [[letters]] (as in laser) or parts of words (as in Benelux and Ameslan). There is no universal [[agreement]] on the precise [[definition]] of various names for such abbreviations (see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronym#Nomenclature nomenclature]) nor on written usage (see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronym#Orthographic_styling orthographic styling]). In [[English]] and most other languages, such abbreviations historically had limited use, but they became much more common in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_century 20th century]. Acronyms are a type of word formation [[process]], and they are viewed as a subtype of blending. |
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| − | ==Usage notes== | |
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| − | *1. Although contradictory, both meanings of the word acronym are in common use. The second sense is often criticized by commentators who prefer the term initialism for abbreviations that are not pronounced like an ordinary word.
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| − | *2. Acronyms are generally written with all letters in upper case. Some acronyms are treated as words in their own right and are written in lower case (such as scuba or radar).
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| − | *3. Older usage required that each letter be followed by a full stop. Current usage tends to omit full stops.[http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/acronym]
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| − | '''Acronyms''' and '''initialisms''' are [[abbreviation]]s, such as [[NATO]], [[laser]], and [[IBM]], that are formed using the initial letters of words or word parts in a phrase or name. Acronyms and initialisms are usually pronounced in a way that is distinct from that of the full forms for which they stand: as the names of the individual letters (as in ''IBM''), as a word (as in ''NATO''), or as a combination (as in ''[[IUPAC]]'').
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| − | There is sharp disagreement on the difference in meaning between the terms ''acronym'' and ''initialism''; see the "[[#Nomenclature|Nomenclature]]" section below. Another term, '''alphabetism''', is sometimes used to describe abbreviations pronounced as the names of letters.
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| − | == Nomenclature ==
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| − | ''Initialism'' originally described abbreviations formed from initials, without reference to pronunciation; but, during the mid 20th century, when such abbreviations saw more use than ever before, the word ''acronym'' was coined for abbreviations pronounced as words, such as ''[[NATO]]'' and ''[[AIDS]]''. Of the names, ''acronym'' is the much more frequently used and known; many use it to describe any abbreviation formed from initial letters.<ref name=AUE>
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| − | Israel, Mark, [http://alt-usage-english.org/excerpts/fxacrony.html Alt.English.Usage Fast-Access FAQ : "'''Usage Disputes : Acronym"'''], accessed May 2, 2006: <blockquote>Strictly, an acronym is a string of initial letters pronounceable as a word, such as "NATO". Abbreviations like "NBC" have been variously designated "alphabetisms" and "initialisms", although some people do call them acronyms.
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| − | WDEU says, "Dictionaries, however, do not make this distinction [between acronyms and initialisms] because writers in general do not"; but two of the best known books on acronyms are titled Acronyms, Initialisms and Abbreviations Dictionary (19th ed., Gale, 1993) and Concise Dictionary of Acronyms and Initialisms (Facts on File, 1988).Merriam-Webster, Inc. ''Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage'', 1994. ISBN 0-877-79132-5. pp. 21–2: '''acronyms'''; A number of commentators (as Copperud 1970, Janis 1984, Howard 1984) believe that acronyms can be differentiated from other abbreviations in being pronounceable as words. Dictionaries, however, do not make this distinction because writers in general do not: "The powder metallurgy industry has officially adopted the acronym 'P/M Parts'" —''Precision Metal Molding'', January 1966. "Users of the term ''acronym'' make no distinction between those which are pronounced as words ... and those which are pronounced as a series of characters" —Jean Praninskas, ''Trade Name Creation'', 1968."It is not J.C.B.'s fault that its name, let alone its acronym, is not a household word among European scholars" —''Times Literary Supp.'' 5 Feb. 1970. "... the confusion in the Pentagon about abbreviations and acronyms—words formed from the first letters of other words" —Bernard Weinraub., ''N.Y. Times'', 11 Dec. 1978. Pyles & Algeo 1970 divide acronyms into "initialisms," which consists of initial letters pronounced with the letter names, and "word acronyms," which are pronounced as words. ''Initialism'', an older word than ''acronym'', seems to be too little known to the general public to serve as the customary term standing in contrast with ''acronym'' in a narrow sense."acronym." [http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/acronym ''Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary''], accessed May 2, 2006: "a word (as NATO, radar, or laser) formed from the initial letter or letters of each of the successive parts or major parts of a compound term; also : an abbreviation (as FBI) formed from initial letters : INITIALISM "[[David Crystal|Crystal, David]] (1995). ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language'', Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-55985-5. p. 120: "However, some linguists do not recognize a sharp distinction between acronyms and initialisms, but use the former term for both.""acronym". ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English'' (1991), Oxford University Press. p. 12: "a word, usu[ally] pronounced as such, formed from the initial letters of other words (e.g. ''Ernie'', ''laser'', ''Nato'')"."acronym". ''Webster’s New Universal Unabridged Dictionary'' (2003), Barnes & Noble. ISBN 0-7607-4975-2. "'''2.''' a set of initials representing a name, organization, or the like, with each letter pronounced separately, as ''FBI'' for ''Federal Bureau of Investigation''." Others differentiate between the two terms, restricting ''acronym'' to pronounceable ''words'' formed from the initial letters of each of the constituent words, and using ''initialism'' or ''alphabetism'' for abbreviations pronounced as the names of the individual ''letters''. In the latter usage, examples of proper acronyms would be ''[[NATO]]'' ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: {{IPA|[ˈneɪtoʊ]}} or {{IPA|[ˈneɪtəu]}}) and ''[[radar]]'' ({{IPA|[ˈreɪdɑ(ɹ)]}}), while examples of initialisms would include ''[[FBI]]'' ({{IPA|[ɛf.biˈaɪ]}}) and ''[[HTML]]'' ({{IPA|[eɪtʃ.ti.ɛmˈɛl]}})."acronym" ''Oxford English Dictionary''. Ed. J.A. Simpson and E.S.C. Weiner. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. OED Online Oxford University Press. Accessed May 2, 2006.
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| − | There is no agreement as to what to call abbreviations whose pronunciation involves the combination of letter names and 'words', such as ''[[JPEG]]'' ({{IPA|[dʒeɪ.pɛg]}}) and ''[[MS-DOS]]'' ({{IPA|[ɛm.ɛs.dɔs]}}). These abbreviations are sometimes described as ''acronym–initialism hybrids'', although they are grouped by most under the broad meaning of ''acronym''. | |
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| − | There is also no agreement as to what to call abbreviations which are commonly pronounced both as letters and as a word. For example, the ''[[Super Nintendo Entertainment System|SNES]]'' games console was generally pronounced as letters in the United States but as a word in the United Kingdom. The internet term "[[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]]" can also be pronounced as individual letters or as a single word, although there is no evidence to suggest a geographic distinction.
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| − | In English-language discussion of languages with [[syllabary|syllabic]] and/or [[logographic]] writing systems (such as [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], and [[Korean language|Korean]]), ''acronym'' describes short forms that take the first character of each (multi-character) element. For example, Beijing University—''Beijing Daxue'' (literally, ''North-Capital Big-School'' 北京大学) —is widely known as ''Beida'' (literally, ''North-Big'' 北大). In describing such languages, the term ''initialism'' is inapplicable.
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| − | == History ==
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| − | In the English language, the widespread use of acronyms, initialisms, and [[contractions]] is a relatively new [[linguistics|linguistic]] phenomenon, becoming increasingly evident from the the mid-[[20th century]] onwards. As literacy rates rose, and as sciences and technologies advanced, bringing with them more complicated terms and concepts, the practice of abbreviating terms became increasingly convenient. The ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' (''OED'') records the first printed use of the word ''initialism'' as occurring in [[1899]]; ''acronym'', in [[1943]]. The word ''acronym'' comes from [[Greek language|Greek]]: ακρος, akros, "topmost, extreme" + ονομα, onoma, "name."
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| − | Nonetheless, earlier examples of acronyms in other languages exist. The early [[Christianity|Christians]] in [[Rome]] used a [[fish]] as a symbol for [[Jesus]] in part because of an acronym—''fish'' in Greek is ΙΧΘΥΣ (''[[ichthys]]''), which was said to stand for Ιησους Χριστος Θεου Υιος Σωτηρ (''Iesous CHristos THeou (h) Uios Soter'': Jesus Christ, Son of God, Savior). Evidence of this interpretation dates from the [[2nd century|2nd]] and [[3rd century|3rd]] centuries and is preserved in the [[catacombs]] of Rome. And for centuries, the Church has used the inscription [[INRI]] over the crucifix, which stands for the Latin ''Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudaeorum'' ("Jesus the Nazarene, King of the Jews").
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| − | Initialisms are known to have been used in Rome dating back even earlier than the Christian era. For example, the official name for the Roman Empire (and the Republic before it) was abbreviated as [[SPQR]] (Senatus Populusque Romanus), showing a clear precedent.
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| − | === Early examples in English ===
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| − | * ''[[12-hour clock|A.M.]]'' (Latin ''ante meridiem'', "before noon") and ''[[12-hour clock|P.M.]]'' (Latin ''post meridiem'', "after noon")
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| − | * ''[[Okay|O.K.]]'', a term of disputed origin, dating back at least to the early [[19th century]], now used around the world
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| − | * ''n.g.'', for "no good," from [[1838]]
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| − | * "B.C." translates to [[Before Christ]] and "A.D." translates to [[Anno Domini]], Latin for "In the year of our Lord"
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| − | * The [[etymology]] of the word "alphabet" itself comes to [[Middle English]] from the [[Late Latin]] '''Alphabetum''' which in turn originates from the [[Ancient Greek]] '''Alphabetos''', from ''[[alpha (letter)|alpha]]'' and ''[[beta (letter)|beta]],'' the first two letters of the [[Greek alphabet]].<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=alphabet&query=alphabet/ Encyclopædia Britannica Online - Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary]</ref>
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| − | === Acronyms as legendary etymology ===
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| − | It is not uncommon for acronyms to be cited in a kind of [[false etymology]] called a [[folk etymology]] for a word. Such etymologies persist in popular culture but have no scholarly basis in [[historical linguistics]], and are examples of language-related [[urban legend]]s. For example, ''cop'' is commonly cited as being supposedly derived from "constable on patrol," ''posh'' from "port out starboard home", and ''golf'' from "gentlemen only, ladies forbidden". Taboo words in particular commonly have such false etymologies: ''shit'' from "ship high in transit" and ''fuck'' from "for unlawful carnal knowledge."
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| − | Acronyms pronounced as words may be a 20th century phenomenon. Linguist David Wilton in ''Word Myths: Debunking Linguistic Urban Legends'' states that "...forming words from acronyms is a distinctly twentieth (and now twenty-first)-Century phenomena. There is only one pre-twentieth-century word with an acronymic origin and it was in vogue only for a short time in 1886. The word is ''colinderies'' or ''colinda'', an acronym for the Colonial and Indian Exposition held in London in that year. [http://books.google.com/books?id=cp0r3aa8EM8C&dq=Word+Myths:+Debunking+Linguistic+Urban+Legends&pg=PP1&ots=W-MkF4HoJH&sig=qXdp23kdeDPL7QbhkCpRMh59T-o&prev=http://www.google.com/search%3Fq%3DWord%2BMyths%253A%2BDebunking%2BLinguistic%2BUrban%2BLegends%26ie%3Dutf-8%26oe%3Dutf-8%26aq%3Dt%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26client%3Dfirefox-a&sa=X&oi=print&ct=title#PPA79,M1 books.google.com/books][http://www.snopes.com/language/acronyms/acronyms.asp]
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| − | == Usage ==
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| − | Initialisms are used most often to abbreviate names of organizations and long or frequently referenced terms. The [[Military|armed forces]] and government agencies frequently employ initialisms (and occasionally, acronyms), perhaps most famously in the "[[alphabet agencies]]" created by [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] under the [[New Deal]].
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| − | === Jargon ===
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| − | Acronyms and initialisms often occur in [[jargon]]. An initialism may have different meanings in different areas of industry, writing, and scholarship. This has led some to obfuscate the meaning either intentionally, to deter those without such domain-specific knowledge, or unintentionally, by creating an initialism that already existed.
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| − | === Punctuation ===
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| − | Traditionally, in English, abbreviations have been written with a [[full stop|full stop/period/point]] in place of the deleted part, although the [[Colon (punctuation)|colon]] and [[apostrophe]] have also had this role. In the case of most acronyms and initialisms, each letter is an abbreviation of a separate word and, in theory, should get its own termination mark. Such punctuation is diminishing with the belief that the presence of all-capital letters is sufficient to indicate that the word is an abbreviation.
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| − | Some influential [[style guide]]s, such as that of the [[BBC]], no longer require punctuation; some even proscribe it. Larry Trask, American author of ''The [[Penguin Books|Penguin]] Guide to Punctuation'', states categorically that, in [[British English]], "this tiresome and unnecessary practice is now obsolete,"[http://www.informatics.susx.ac.uk/doc/punctuation/node28.html] though some other sources are not so absolute in their pronouncements<!--will get sources-->.
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| − | Nevertheless, some influential [[style guide]]s, many of them [[American English|American]], still require periods in certain instances. ''[[The New York Times]]''’ guide recommends separating each segment with a period when the letters are pronounced individually, as in ''[[KGB|K.G.B.]]'', but not when pronounced as a word, as in ''[[NATO]]''.<ref name = "NY Times">[http://nytimes.com./2004/02/07/opinion/07KRIS.html?ex=1391490000&en=f887afd296d59e2f&ei=5007&partner=GOOGLE NY Times] opinion 2004-02-07.</ref>
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| − | When a multiple-letter abbreviation is formed from a single word, periods are generally proscribed, although they may be common in informal, personal usage. ''TV'', for example, may stand for a ''single'' word (''television'' or ''transvestite'', for instance), and is generally spelled without punctuation (except in the plural). Although ''PS'' stands for the single word ''postscript'' (or the Latin ''postscriptum''), it is often spelled with periods (''P.S.''). ([[Wikiquote]] abbreviates ''television'' as ''T.V.'')
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| − | === Case ===
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| − | Some style manuals also base the letters' [[Letter case|case]] on their number. ''The New York Times'', for example, keeps ''NATO'' in all capitals (while several guides in the British press may render it ''Nato''), but uses lower case in ''[[United Nations Children's Fund|Unicef]]'' (from "United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund") because it is more than four letters.
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| − | Some acronyms undergo assimilation into ordinary words, when they become common: for example, when technical terms become commonplace among non-technical people. Often they are then written in [[lower case]], and eventually it is widely forgotten that the word was derived from the initials of others: '''[[scuba]]''' ("Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus") and '''[[laser]]''' ("Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation"), for instance. The term '''''anacronym''''' has been coined as a [[portmanteau]] of the words ''[[anachronism]]'' and ''acronym'' to describe acronyms whose original meaning is unknown to most speakers.
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| − | === Pronunciation ===
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| − | The use of lower case can alternatively be dictated by the pronunciation of the acronym. Acronyms pronounced as words, e.g. ''[[Defra]]'', are written with an initial capital, whereas where they are spelt out, e.g. ''[[ISBN]]'', capitals are retained throughout. This is the style used in [[the Guardian]][http://www.guardian.co.uk/styleguide].
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| − | === Plurals and possessives ===
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| − | The traditional style of pluralizing single letters with the addition of ''’s'' (for example, ''B'''’'''s come after A'''’'''s'') was extended to some of the earliest initialisms, which tended to be written with periods to indicate the omission of letters; some writers still pluralize initialisms in this way. Additionally, because an apostrophe can stand for missing letters, an abbreviation of ''compact discs'', for example, can logically be rendered ''CD’s''. Some style guides continue to require such apostrophes—perhaps partly to make it clear that the lower case ''s'' is only for pluralization and would not appear in the singular form of the word, for some acronyms and abbreviations do include lower case letters.
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| − | However, it has become common among many writers to [[inflection|inflect]] initialisms as ordinary words, using simple ''s'', without an apostrophe, for the plural. In this case, ''compact discs'' becomes ''CDs''. The logic here is that the apostrophe should be restricted to possessives: for example, ''the '''CD’s''' label'' (the label of the compact disc).
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| − | Multiple options arise when initialisms are spelled with periods and are pluralized: for example, ''compact discs'' may become ''C.D.’s'', ''C.D’s'', ''C.D.s'', or ''CDs''. Possessive plurals that also include apostrophes for mere pluralization and periods may appear especially complex: for example, ''the '''C.D.’s’''' labels'' (the labels of the compact discs). Some see this as yet another reason to use apostrophes only for possessives and not for plurals. (In ''The New York Times'', the plural possessive of ''G.I.'', which the newspaper prints with periods in reference to [[United States Army]] soldiers, is ''G.I.’s'', with no apostrophe after the ''s''.)
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| − | The argument that initialisms should have no different plural form (for example, "If ''D'' can stand for ''disc'', it can also stand for ''disc'''s'''''") is generally disregarded because of the practicality in distinguishing singulars and plurals. This is not the case, however, when the abbreviation is understood to describe a plural noun already: for example, ''U.S.'' is short for ''United State'''s''''', but not ''United State''. In this case, the options for making a possessive form of an abbreviation that is already in its plural form without a final ''s'' may seem awkward: for example, ''U.S.’'', ''U.S’'', ''U.S.’s'', etc. In such instances, possessive abbreviations are often foregone in favor of simple [[adjective|attributive]] usage (for example, ''the '''U.S.''' economy'') or expanding the abbreviation to its full form and ''then'' making the possessive (for example, ''the '''United States'''' economy'').
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| − | Abbreviations that come from single, rather than multiple, words—such as ''TV'' (''television'')—are pluralized both with and without apostrophes, depending on the logic followed: that the apostrophe shows the omission of letters and makes the ''s'' clear as only a pluralizer (''TV'''’s'''''); or that the apostrophe should be reserved for the possessive (''TV'''s''''').
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| − | In some languages, the convention of doubling the letters in the initialism is used to indicate plural words: for example, the [[Spanish language|Spanish]] ''EE.UU.'', for ''Estados Unidos'' (''United States''). This convention is followed for a limited number of English abbreviations, such as ''[[pp]].'' for ''pages'' (although this is actually derived from the Latin abbreviation for ''paginae''), or ''MM'' for ''millions'' (frequently used in the petroleum industry).
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| − | Acronyms that are now always rendered in the lower case are pluralized as regular English nouns: for example, ''lasers''.
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| − | When an initialism is part of a [[function (computing)|function in computing]] that is conventionally written in lower case, it is common to use an [[apostrophe]] to pluralize or otherwise conjugate the token. This practice results in sentences like "Be sure to remove extraneous '''[[Dynamic-link library|dll]]’s'''" (more than one dll). In computer [[speech community|lingo]], it is common to use the name of a computer program, format, or function, acronym or not, as a verb. In such [[verbification]] of abbreviations, there is confusion about how to conjugate: for example, if the verb ''IM'' (pronounced as separate letters) means ''to send (someone) an instant message'', the past tense may be rendered ''IM'''’ed''''', ''IM'''ed''''', ''IM'''’d''''', or ''IM'''d'''''—and the third-person singular present indicative may be ''IM'''’s''''' or ''IM'''s'''''.
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| − | == Numerals and constituent words ==
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| − | While typically abbreviations exclude the initials of short [[function word]]s (such as "and," "or," "of," or "to"), they are sometimes included in acronyms to make them pronounceable.
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| − | Numbers (both [[How to name numbers in English#Cardinal numbers|cardinal]] and [[How to name numbers in English#Ordinal numbers|ordinal]]) in names are often represented by [[numerical digit|digit]]s rather than initial letters: as in ''4GL'' ([[Fourth generation language]]) or ''G77'' ([[Group of 77]]). Large numbers may use [[SI prefix#Use outside SI|metric prefixes]], as with ''[[Y2K]]'' for "Year 2000." Exceptions using initials for numbers include ''[[TLA]]'' (three-letter acronym/abbreviation) and ''GoF'' ([[Gang of Four (software)|Gang of Four]]). Abbreviations using numbers for other purposes include repetitions, such as ''[[W3C]]'' ("World Wide Web Consortium"); pronunciation, such as ''[[B2B]]'' ("business to business"); and [[numeronym]]s, such as ''i18n'' ("internationalization"; ''18'' represents the 18 letters between the initial ''i'' and the final ''n'').
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| − | In some cases, an acronym or initialism has been turned into a name, creating a [[pseudo-acronym]]. For example, the letters making up the name of the [[SAT college entrance test|SAT]] (pronounced as letters) college entrance test no longer officially stand for anything. This trend has been common with many companies hoping to retain their [[brand]] recognition while simultaneously moving away from what they saw as an outdated image: American Telephone and Telegraph became [[AT&T]] (its parent/child, SBC, followed suit prior to its acquisition of AT&T and after its acquisition of a number of the other [[Baby Bells]], changing from Southwestern Bell Corporation), [[Kentucky Fried Chicken]] became [[KFC]], [[BP|British Petroleum]] became [[BP]] to emphasize that it was no longer only an oil company (captured by its motto "beyond petroleum"), [[Silicon Graphics, Incorporated]] became SGI to emphasize that it was no longer only a computer graphics company. [[DVD]] now has no official meaning: its advocates couldn't agree on whether the initials stood for "Digital Video Disc" or "Digital Versatile Disc," and now both terms are used.
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| − | Initialisms may have advantages in international markets: for example, some national [[affiliate]]s of [[International Business Machines]] are legally incorporated as "IBM" (or, for example, "IBM Canada") to avoid translating the full name into local languages. Similarly, "[[UBS AG|UBS]]" is the name of the merged [[Union Bank of Switzerland]] and [[Swiss Bank Corporation]].
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| − | Rebranding can lead to [[RAS syndrome|redundant-acronym syndrome]], as when [[Trustee Savings Bank]] became TSB Bank. A few [[high-tech]] companies have taken the redundant acronym to the extreme: for example, ISM Information Systems Management Corp. and SHL Systemhouse, Ltd. Another common example is ''[[RAM]] memory'', which is redundant because ''RAM'' (''random-access memory'') includes the initial of the word ''memory''. ''PIN'' stands for ''personal identification number'', obviating the second word in ''PIN number''. Other examples include ''[[Automated teller machine|ATM]] machine'' (''Automatic Teller Machine machine''), ''[[EAB bank]]'' (''European American Bank bank''), ''[[HIV]] virus'' (''Human Immunodeficiency Virus virus'') and the formerly redundant ''[[SAT]] test'' (''Scholastic Achievement/Aptitude/Assessment Test test'', now simply ''SAT Reasoning Test'').
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| − | Sometimes, the initials are kept but the meaning is changed. ''[[SADD]]'', for instance, originally "Students Against Driving Drunk", changed the full form of its name to ''Students against Destructive Decisions''. ''[[YM]]'' originally stood for ''Young Miss'', and later ''Young & Modern'', but now stands for simply ''Your Magazine''.
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| − | When initialisms are defined in print, especially in the case of industry-specific [[jargon]], the initial letters of the full words are often [[capitalize]]d. While this is logical for [[proper noun]]s, such as Kentucky Fried Chicken, some usage writers have argued that it is technically incorrect for other terms, such as ''[[storage area network]]''. Such capitalization is widespread in English publications; but "back-capitalization"—from ''SAN'' to give ''Storage Area Network'', for example—is considered incorrect.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
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| − | == Non-English language ==
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| − | === In Hebrew ===
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| − | ==== People ====
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| − | Acronyms have been widely used in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] since at least the [[Middle Ages]]. Several important [[rabbi]]s are referred to with acronyms of their names. For example, [[Baal Shem Tov|'''B'''aal '''Sh'''em '''T'''ov]] is called the ''Besht'', '''Ra'''v '''M'''oshe '''b'''en '''M'''aimon ([[Maimonides]]) is commonly known as ''Rambam'', and '''Ra'''bbi '''M'''oshe '''b'''en '''N'''ahman ([[Nahmanides]]) likewise known as the ''Ramban''. | |
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| − | ==== Text ====
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| − | The usage of Hebrew acronyms extends to liturgical groupings: the word ''[[Tanakh]]'' is an acronym for [[Torah|'''T'''orah]] (Five Books of Moses), [[Nevi'im|'''N'''evi'im]] (Book of Prophets), and [[Ketuvim|'''K'''etuvim]] (Hagiographa).
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| − | Most often, though, one will find use of acronyms as [[acrostic]]s, in both prayer, poetry (see [[Piyyut]]), and [[Kabala|kabbalistic]] works. Because each Hebrew letter also has a numeric value, embedding an acrostic may give an additional layer of meaning to these works.
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| − | One purpose of acrostics was as a [[mnemonic]] or a way for an author to weave his name as a signature, or some other spiritual thought, into his work, at a time when much was memorized. Examples of prayers which contain acrostics include:
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| − | * [[Shokhen Ad]] - Lines are written so that letters line up vertically, spelling the name Yitzchak, which may refer to the patriarch [[Yitzchak]], or to an unknown author.
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| − | * [[Ashrei]] - The first letter of every verse starts with a consecutive letter of the [[Hebrew alphabet]]
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| − | It is also a common part of [[Judaism|Jewish thought]] to make inferences based on hidden acrostics. For example the Hebrew words for "man" (''he:'' אישׁ) and "woman" (''he:'' אשׁה) can be used to draw the inference that marriage, the joining of a man and a woman, is a spiritual relationship, because if one removes from each of the words "man" and "woman", one of the letters in the word "God" (''he:'' י-ה), all that is left when "God" is removed from the joining of the two, is the word for destruction (''he:'' אשׁ ''lit: fire'') in place of each.
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| − | So much can be interpreted from Hebrew, and attributed to or inferred from it, that an interpretational system, called ''[[exegesis]]'', has been developed along these lines.
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| − | A special punctuation mark, the [[gershayim]] (״), is used to denote acronyms. It is placed before the last letter in the abbreviation (e.g. תנ״ך for Tanakh).
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| − | ==== The Tetragrammaton ====
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| − | The [[Greek language|Greek]] word ''tetragrammaton'' is used as a proper noun to describe the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] spelling of the name of the [[Abrahamic religion|Abrahamic]] [[god]], [[YHVH|יהוה]] (commonly transliterated as "YHVH", "YHWH", "Yahweh", or "Jehovah"), which [[Jew]]s do not speak aloud, and protect when written (see [[Geniza]]). [[Scribe]]s are prohibited from correcting, modifying, or erasing this word, or any series of four words which all begin, or all end, with these letters. Friday-night [[Shabbat]] [[Kiddush]] begins "Vay'hi Erev, Vay'hi Boker, '''Y'''om '''H'''aShishi. '''V'''ayachulu '''H'''ashamayim ..." Even though the first sentence is unnecessary to say, it would be breaking up the Tetragrammaton ''not'' to say it. The first four words, then, are completely unnecessary, but omitting them would make the next two words in some sense incomplete. Jews therefore whisper the first four words and say the rest out loud.
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| − | === Agglutination ===
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| − | In languages where [[agglutination]] extends beyond plurals, various methods are used. A representative example is Finnish, where a colon is used to separate inflection from the letters:
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| − | *An acronym is pronounced as a word: Nato "into Nato"
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| − | *An initialism is pronounced as letters: EU "into EU"
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| − | *An initialism is interpreted as words: EU "into EU"
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| − | === Lenition ===
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| − | In languages such as [[Scottish Gaelic]] and [[Irish language|Irish]], where [[lenition]] (initial consonant mutation) is commonplace, acronyms must also be modified in situations where case and context dictate it. In the case of Scottish Gaelic, a lower case "h" is added after the initial consonant; for example, ''[[BBC Scotland]]'' in the genitive case would be written as ''BhBC Alba'', with the acronym pronounced "VBC". Similarly, the Gaelic acronym for "television" (''gd: telebhisean'') is ''TBh'', pronounced "TV", as in English.
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| − | === In German ===
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| − | Mid-20th century German showed a tendency towards acronym-contractions of the [[Gestapo]] (for Geheime Staatspolizei) type: other examples are [[hiwi (volunteer)|Hiwi]] (for Hilfswilliger, non-German volunteer in the German Army); [[Volkspolizei|Vopo]] (for Volkspolizist, member of police force in the [[German Democratic Republic|DDR]]).
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| − | == Examples ==
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| − | * pronounced as a word, containing only initial letters:
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| − | ** [[FNMA]]: (Fannie Mae) Federal National Mortgage Association
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| − | ** [[laser]]: light amplification by the stimulated emission of radiation
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| − | ** [[NATO]]: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
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| − | ** [[scuba]]: self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
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| − | * pronounced as a word, containing non-initial letters:
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| − | ** [[Amphetamine]]: Alpha-methyl-phenethylamine
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| − | ** [[Gestapo]]: Geheime Staatspolizei ("secret state police")
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| − | ** [[Interpol]]: International Criminal Police Organization
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| − | ** [[radar]]: radio detection and ranging
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| − | * pronounced as a word or names of letters, depending on speaker or context:
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| − | ** IRA: ({{IPA|[ˈaɪrə]}} or ''i ar a'')
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| − | *** When used for [[Irish Republican Army|Irish Republican Army]], always pronounced as letters
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| − | *** When used for [[Individual Retirement Account|Individual Retirement Account]], can be pronounced as letters or as a word
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| − | ** [[FAQ]]: ({{IPA|[fæk]}} or ''ef a cue'') frequently asked questions
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| − | ** [[SAT]]: ({{IPA|[sæt]}} or ''es a tee'') Scholastic Achievement (or Aptitude) Test(s)
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| − | ** [[SQL]]: ({{IPA|[sikwəɫ]}} or ''ess cue ell'') Structured Query Language
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| − | * pronounced as a combination of names of letters and a word:
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| − | ** [[CD-ROM]]: (''see-dee-''{{IPA|[rɒm]}}) Compact Disc read-only memory
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| − | ** [[IUPAC]]: (''i-u-''{{IPA|[pæk]}}) International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
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| − | ** [[JPEG]]: (''jay-''{{IPA|[pɛg]}}) Joint Photographic Experts Group
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| − | ** [[Irish Defence Forces|PDFORRA]]: (''pee-dee-''{{IPA|[fɔrə]}}) Permanent Defence Forces Other
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| − | == Trivia ==
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| − | The longest acronym, according to the 1965 edition of ''Acronyms, Initialisms and Abbreviations Dictionary'', is ADCOMSUBORDCOMPHIBSPAC, a [[United States Navy]] term that stands for "Administrative Command, Amphibious Forces, Pacific Fleet Subordinate Command."
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| − | The world's longest initialism, according to the ''[[Guinness Book of World Records]]'' is NIIOMTPLABOPARMBETZHELBETRABSBOMONIMONKONOTDTEKHSTROMONT. The 56-letter initialism (54 in [[Cyrillic]]) is from the ''Concise Dictionary of Soviet Terminology'' and means "The laboratory for shuttering, reinforcement, concrete and ferroconcrete operations for composite-monolithic and monolithic constructions of the Department of the Technology of Building-assembly operations of the Scientific Research Institute of the Organization for building mechanization and technical aid of the Academy of Building and Architecture of the USSR."
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| − | Sometimes an acronym's official meaning is crafted to fit an acronym that actually means something that sounds less "official". For instance, the [[GBU-43 Massive Ordnance Air Blast bomb]] (MOAB) recently developed in the United States is popularly called the "mother of all bombs" since it is the largest conventional bomb in the world; it is widely assumed that the "mother of all wars" phrase was the true inspiration for the MOAB acronym.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
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| − | Likewise titles are made up to form an existing word when shortened to an initialism. The [[Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985]], a health care bill, is better known as COBRA and the longish [[USA PATRIOT Act|Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001]] was intentionally called so for its abbreviation, "USA PATRIOT Act".
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| − | Sometimes a multi-word name or title is revised because its intuitive initialism is considered inappropriate, for example [[Verliebt in Berlin]] (ViB), a German [[telenovela]], was first intended to be titled "Alles nur aus Liebe" resulting in "ANAL". Also, the Computer Literacy and Internet Technology qualification is known as CLAiT, rather than CLIT.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronym]
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| | [[Category: General Reference]] | | [[Category: General Reference]] |
