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| − | [[Image:lighterstill.jpg]] | + | [[Image:lighterstill.jpg]][[Image:Crownjewels.jpg|right|frame]] |
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| − | '''Crown jewels''' are jewels or artifacts of the reigning royal family of their respective country. They belong to the [[Monarch|sovereign]] and are passed to the next sovereign to symbolize the right to rule. They usually include one or more [[Crown (headgear)|crown]]s, [[scepter]]s, [[globus cruciger|orb]]s, [[sword]]s, and/or [[jewelry ring|ring]]s. ''See also: [[regalia]].'' | + | '''Crown jewels''' are jewels or [[artifacts]] belonging to the sovereign of a [[state]] representing their power. |
| − | ==Africa==
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| − | ===Benin===
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| − | * [[Dahomey|Danhomè]]
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| − | The enormous collection of the ''Ahosu'' (Kings) of the Danhomè (Dahomey) is kept in the city of [[Abomey]]. Since the 1980s the [[Getty Foundation]] and [[UNESCO]] have been trying to save the old palaces. The royal palaces are today a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]].
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| − | The royal insignia which symbolised the power of the king were the ''[[kataklè]]'' (three-legged stool), the ''[[afokpa]]'' ([[sandals]]), the ''[[avotita]]'' ([[woven cloth]] decorated with [[appliqué work]]), the ''[[awè]]'' ([[parasol]]), the ''[[mankpo]]'' ([[recade]] or [[ceremonial staff]]), the ''[[so]]'' ([[gun]]) and the ''[[hwi]]'' ([[sabre]]). In the course of the war against the French colonial power, many items were looted. Most of the items can be seen either in Abomey, or the [[Musée de l'Homme]] in Paris.
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| − | ====Links====
| + | *1. a. An ornamental fillet, wreath, or similar encircling ornament for the head, worn for [[personal]] adornment, or as a mark of honour or achievement; a coronal or wreath of leaves or flowers. |
| − | * [http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=323 UNESCO |Royal Palaces of Abomey] | |
| − | * [http://www.epa-prema.net/abomeyGB/index.html Historical Museum of Abomey]
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| − | * [[Benin]]
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| − | The regalia of the [[Kingdom of Benin]], which stretched for its most part into [[Nigeria]], were the [[Benin bronzes]], which were plundered during the nineteenth century. Most of it is kept today in the [[British Museum]], which has declined to return them to the successor states of [[Edo]] and [[Warri]], Nigeria, as the collections of the Museum are inalienable.
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| − | ===Egypt===
| + | :b. fig. Chiefly referring to the wreath with which the victor was crowned in the ancient Grecian and Roman games, or to the AUREOLA of a martyr, virgin, or doctor, as victor over the world, the [[flesh]], or the [[evil|devil]]; usually the sense is more or less [[ideal]]ized or [[spiritual]]ized (e.g. in crown of martyrdom, martyr's crown; "no cross, no crown", etc.), or transferred to any kind of honourable distinction or reward bestowed upon a victor. |
| − | * Ancient Egypt
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| − | The treasures of the [[Pharaoh]]s can be seen in the [[Egyptian Museum]] in [[Cairo]] and in other museums throughout the world.
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| − | * Kingdom of Egypt | + | *2. spec. a. The cincture or covering for the head, made of or adorned with precious metals and jewels, worn by a monarch as a mark or symbol of sovereignty; a diadem. |
| − | Most of the Crown Jewels of the [[Mehmet Ali]] [[Dynasty]] are at the Museum at [[Abdin Palace]] in Cairo.
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| − | ====Links====
| + | :b. Christ's crown of thorns. |
| − | * [http://www.egyptianmuseum.gov.eg/ Egyptian Museum]
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| − | ===Ethiopia===
| + | :c. crown of thorns (starfish): a poisonous starfish, Acanthaster planci or A. ellisi. |
| − | The crown jewels of [[Ethiopia]] are in [[Axum]].
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| − | ====Links====
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| − | * [http://www.kingdomsofnigeria.com/ Kingdoms of Nigeria]
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| − | ===Rwanda===
| + | *3. fig. The [[sovereignty]], [[authority]], or dominion of which a crown is the [[symbol]]; the rule, position, or empire of a monarch. Chiefly in phrases in which the sense, originally literal, has ceased to be analysed. |
| − | Close to the old capital of [[Butare]] lies the nearby [[Nyabisindu]], formerly known as [[Nyanza]], the traditional seat of [[Rwandan monarchy|Rwanda’s monarchy]]. The Royal Palace at Nyanza, a domed construction made with traditional materials, has been restored to its 19th century state and is now maintained as a museum. Further historical artefacts are kept at the [[National Museum of Rwanda|National Museum]] in Butare.
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| − | ====Links====
| + | *4. fig. The wearer of a crown; the monarch in his official [[character]]; the supreme governing [[power]] of a [[state]] under a monarchical [[constitution]]. |
| − | * [http://www.geomotion.com/bin/tk4/tkt=ortpn01t1 Virtual Rwanda |Nyanza Royal Palace] | |
| − | * [http://www.rwandatourism.com/kigali.htm Rwanda Tourism |Kigali & Butare]
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| − | | + | *5. fig. That which adorns like a crown; a chief or crowning ornament. |
| − | ===China===
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| − | The most important item for the assumption of the throne were the [[Imperial Seal]]s, which gave the emperor the [[mandate of heaven]] authority. These are kept either in the [[Forbidden City]] or the [[National Palace Museum]]. Numerous crowns, robes, jewels and headwear made especially for coronations and other official events. They usually contain very large Manchurian pearls and most date from the [[Qing Dynasty]].
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| − | ===India===
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| − | *[[Moghul]] Empire and the [[Princely States]] | |
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| − | The [[Imperial Crown of India]], which was made by the British, is kept at the [[Tower of London]].
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| − | ===Indonesia===
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| − | [[Indonesia]] has various [[monarchy|kingdoms]] and [[sultanate]]s, all with their own unique history. The most known [[royal court]]s are distributed amongst the islands of [[Java (island)|Java]], [[Madura]], [[Bali]], [[Sumatra]], [[Kalimantan]], [[Sulawesi]], and [[Sumbawa]]. There are 23 royal courts or more which still exist today, headed either by a [[sultan]] or a [[ruler]]. Although today only [[Majesty|HM]] the [[Sultan of Yogyakarta]] wields any political influence as the [[governor]]. In Indonesia the royal courts are either called ''[[Kraton (Indonesia)|Kraton]]'' or ''[[istana]]''. Below are some of them listed:
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| − | Various royal regalia and other items used for court functions may be viewed in some the respective palaces.
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| − | ====Links====
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| − | * [http://www.petra.ac.id/eastjava/culture/kraton.htm On East Java |Art and Culture]
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| − | * [http://www.joglosemar.co.id/surakarta.html Joglosermar |Karaton Surakarta Hadiningrat]
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| − | ===Iran (Persia)===
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| − | {{main|Iranian Crown Jewels}}
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| − | The crown jewels of Iran are the by far single largest, most dazzling and valuable jewel collection in the world. (VB Meen, AD Tushingham -University of Toronto 1968) The collection consists of some 40 cases - Many of the cases are filled with numeorus items - Some 30 tiaras, three jewel-studded thrones, and several other items.
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| − | Most of the items in the collection date back to the [[Safavid]] dynasty which ruled Iran between 1502-1736 AD. Iran's legendary and heroic emperor [[Nader Shah Afshar]] who is referred to as the "Napoleon of Iran" and who ruled from 1736-1747 AD launched a campaign against India to regain the treasures which Afghan raiders had looted from Persia's capital Isfahan in 1719. He brought back a vast amount of treasures, including several jewel-studded thrones, and huge chests filled with loose precious gems. Much of the treasures were lost on the way due to the rough mountainous terrain they had to pass.
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| − | The [[Qajar]] dynasty which ruled Iran from 1795-1925 AD added many pieces to the collection, and also commissioned Persian artisans and jewelers to create several objects such as dishes, tiaras, swords, aigrettes, etc, using the vast number of loose precious gems, such as diamonds, emeralds, and rubies. [[Fath Ali Shah]] and [[Nasser-al-Din Shah]] were two Qajar kings who were keen to expand and enhance the collection.
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| − | When the Pahlavi dynasty - Iran's last monarchial dynasty - replaced the Qajars, Reza Shah Pahlavi, also referred to as "Reza Shah the Great" commissioned Iranian Jewelers to design and create a crown designated to the rulers of the Pahlavi dynasty. The crown was used for the first time in 1926 on the occasion of the coronation of the first Pahlavi monarch, and for a second and last time on the occasion of the second Pahlavi monarch, [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]]. A crown was also commissioned from Arpel in Paris for the Empress of Iran, Shahbanou Farah Pahlavi, using gems from the Iranian collection. The Imperial Jewels are on display at the [[central bank]] in [[Tehran]].
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| − | ====Links====
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| − | *[[Iranian Crown Jewels|Crown Jewels of Imperial Iran]]
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| − | *[http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/Base/1406/jewel/imperialjewels.html Imperial Jewels of Iran]
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| − | *[http://www.worldisround.com/articles/73022/index.html Amazing Iran]
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| − | ===Japan===
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| − | {{main|Imperial Regalia of Japan}}
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| − | {{nihongo|The Imperial Regalia of [[Japan]]|三種の神器|Sanshu no Jingi}} ("Three Sacred Treasures") consist of the Holy Sword [[Kusanagi]] (草薙剣), the Holy Jewel [[Magatama#Yasakani no Magatama|Yasakani no magatama]] (八尺瓊曲玉), and the Holy Mirror [[Yata no kagami]] (八咫鏡). The sword and the mirror are kept at the [[Shinto]] shrines in [[Nagoya]] and [[Grand Shrine of Ise|Ise]] in [[Central Japan]], and the jewel at the [[Kokyo]] Imperial Palace in [[Tokyo]].
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| − | The [[enthronement]] cerenomy is traditionally held in [[Kyoto]]. The [[Imperial Throne]] is kept at the [[Gosho]] Imperial Palace in Kyoto.
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| − | ==Europe==
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| − | ===Austria (Austro-Hungarian Empire, Holy Roman Empire)===
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| − | The [[Austrian Crown Jewels]] ([[German language|de]]: ''Insignien und Kleinodien'') are kept at the ''[[Schatzkammer]]'' (Imperial Treasury) located in the [[Hofburg]] Palace in [[Vienna]]. They are a collection of imperial regalia and jewels dating from the 10th century to the 19th. They are one of the biggest and most important collection of royal objects still today, and reflect more than a thousand years of European history. The treasury can be quantified into six important parts:
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| − | * The Insignia of the Austrian Hereditary Homage
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| − | * The [[Austrian Empire]]
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| − | * The [[Habsburg-Lorraine]] Household Treasure
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| − | * The [[Holy Roman Empire]]
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| − | * The Burgundian Inheritance and the [[Order of the Golden Fleece]]
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| − | * The [[Ecclesiastical Treasury]]
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| − | The most outstanding objects are the insignia of the hereditary [[Empire of Austria]]. They consist of the Imperial Crown, the Imperial Orb and the mantle of the Austrian Empire, and the Coronation Robes of the [[Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia]]. The Imperial Crown, Orb, Cross, and Holy Lance of the Holy Roman Empire are also highlights.
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| − | *The archducal hat is kept today at the [[Augustinian]] [[Abbey]] of [[Klosterneuburg]], in [[Lower Austria]]. ''Please see [[archducal hat]] for further information.''
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| − | *The ducal hat of [[Styria (duchy)|Styria]] is kept at the [[Joanneum]] in [[Graz]], Styria. ''Please see [[ducal hat]] for further information.''
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| − | <br clear=both>
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| − | ===Czech Republic (Czech Kingdom, Bohemian Kingdom)===
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| − | The jewels (cs: ''korunovační klenoty''), and the [[Crown of Saint Wenceslas]] of [[Bohemia]] (''Svatováclavská koruna'') are kept in [[Prague Castle]] (''Pražský hrad'') and are displayed to the public only once every (circa) fifty years.
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| − | The crown is named and dedicated after the [[Duke of Bohemia|Duke]] and [[Patron Saint]] [[Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia|Wenceslas I]] of the [[Premyslid]]s dynasty of Bohemia. The crown has an unusual design, with vertical [[fleurs-de-lis]] standing at the front, back and sides. Made from [[gold]] and [[precious stones]], its weight is 2.475g. It was made for King [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles IV]] in [[1346]]. Since [[1867]] it has been stored in [[St. Vitus Cathedral]] of Prague Castle. The jewels have always played an important role as a symbol of Bohemian [[statehood]].
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| − | Interestingly, an old Czech legend says that any usurper who places the crown on his head is doomed to die within a year. In the eyes of some this was confirmed during [[World War II]] when [[Reinhard Heydrich]], the Nazi governor of the puppet [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]] secretly wore them believing himself to be a great king, and was assassinated less than a year later by the [[Czech resistance to Nazi occupation|Czech underground]].
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| − | ====Links====
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| − | (all text in Czech language)
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| − | * [http://old.hrad.cz/castle/klenotyfr.html History of jewels]
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| − | * [http://old.hrad.cz/castle/main.html Pictures and details (requires QuickTime)]
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| − | ===Denmark===
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| − | The crown jewels and other royal regalia of [[Denmark]] are kept in [[Rosenborg Castle]] in [[Copenhagen]].
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| − | ===France===
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| − | What is left of the crown jewels of [[France]] is on display in the [[Louvre]] in [[Paris]].
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| − | ===Germany===
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| − | * Anhalt
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| − | ''missing''
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| − | * Baden
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| − | ''missing''
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| − | * Bavaria
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| − | In [[1806]], [[Napoleon I|Napoleon Bonaparte]] conquered the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. He restructured the many German states and the [[Duchy of Bavaria]] was promoted to a 'Kingdom'. The ruling [[Wittelsbach]] Duke became [[Maximilian I]] became King of [[Bavaria]].
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| − | With his new status, the King ordered new regalia to be made. It can be seen today in the [[Treasury]] of the [[Residenz]] Palace in [[Munich]].
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| − | The [[Bavarian Coronation Set]] consists of the Crown of Bavaria, the Crown of the [[queen regnant|Queen]] (originally made for Maximilian's Queen, [[Caroline Frederika]] of [[Baden Germany|Baden]], the State Sword, the Royal Orb, and the Royal Sceptre. ''Please see [[Bavarian Crown Jewels]]''.
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| − | ====Links====
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| − | * [http://www.schloesser.bayern.de/deutsch/schloss/objekte/mu_res.htm Residenz in Munich]
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| − | * Hessia
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| − | ''missing''
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| − | * Mecklenburg
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| − | ''missing''
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| − | * Saxony (''Sachsen'')
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| − | The treasures of the Kings of [[Saxony]] are kept in [[Dresden]]. ''Please see [[Saxon Crown Jewels]].''
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| − | * Thurn and Taxis
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| − | ''missing''
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| − | * Prussia
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| − | The crown and the insignia of the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] are kept at [[Burg Hohenzollern|Hohenzollern Castle]] in [[Sigmarigen]], [[Baden-Württemberg]]. ''Please see [[Prussian Crown Jewels]]''.
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| − | ====Links====
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| − | * [http://www.preussen.de/de/heute/burg_hohenzollern/rundgang/22._schatzkammer.html Preussen.de |Schatzkammer]
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| − | * Württemberg
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| − | ''missing''
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| − | * Holy Roman Empire
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| − | The Imperial Regalia like the [[Imperial Crown|Holy Crown]] of [[Charlemagne]], the orb, the [[sceptre]], the [[Holy Lance]], and various other items are kept in the [[Schatzkammer]] [[Treasury]] in [[Vienna]], [[Austria]]. ''Please see [[Imperial Regalia]].
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| − | '''Links'''
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| − | * [http://www.khm.at/system2E.html?/staticE/page2174.html Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna |The Holy Roman Empire]
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| − | ===Greece===
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| − | {{main|Greek Crown Jewels}}
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| − | * Hellenic Kingdom
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| − | ===Hungary===
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| − | {{main|Crown of St. Stephen}}
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| − | The crown jewels of [[Hungary]] are on display in the Parliament Building in [[Budapest]].
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| − | ===Ireland===
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| − | {{main|Irish Crown Jewels}}
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| − | The [[Irish Crown Jewels]] were heavily jewelled insignia of the [[Most Illustrious Order of St Patrick]]. Their [[theft]] from [[Dublin Castle]] in 1907 remains unsolved.
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| − | ===Italy===<!-- This section is linked from [[Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples]] -->
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| − | * Lombardy
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| − | the [[Iron Crown of Lombardy|Iron Crown]] of the [[Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia|Kingdom of Lombardy]] is kept at the Cathedral of [[Monza]]. The coronation robe is kept in the [[Schatzkammer]] in [[Vienna]], [[Austria]].
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| − | * Kings of Italy
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| − | The Crown jewels of the Kingdom of Italy ([[1861]]–[[1946]]) are custoded in the [[Banca d'Italia|Bank of Italy]], due to legal controversy between the Italian Republic and the Savoia family. It is not clear who is the legal owner. The value of crowns, diadems and various jewels is valued at over €2,5 Billion.
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| − | ===Monaco===
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| − | [[Monaco]] features a [[heraldic crown]] on its [[coat-of-arms]], but does not possess any crown jewels or regalia per se. The coronation ceremony consists of a festive mass in the [[cathedral]] of Monaco, followed by reception where the new [[prince]] meets his [[nationality|subjects]]. The [[throne]] and other items can be viewed in the [[palace]] of Monaco, which is open to the public.
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| − | ===Netherlands===
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| − | {{main|Dutch Royal Regalia}}
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| − | ===Norway===
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| − | {{main|Norwegian Royal Regalia}}
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| − | The crown jewels, or royal regalia, of [[Norway]] are together with some other old treasures placed in [[Nidaros Cathedral]], in [[Trondheim]].
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| − | ===Poland===
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| − | {{main|Polish Crown Jewels}}
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| − | The only surviving part of the [[Poland|Polish]] Crown Jewels is from the [[Piast dynasty]] and consists of the coronation [[sword]] known as the [[Szczerbiec]]. It is currently on display along with other royal items in the [[Wawel|Wawel Royal Castle Museum]], [[Krakow|Kraków]]. Most of the Crown Jewels were plundered by foreign invaders such as the Swedes, Germans and Russians.
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| − | One of many royal crowns was made for King [[August the Strong|August II]], [[Saxony|Elector of Saxony]] when he became King of Poland in [[1697]]. Since the original set was stolen, a new set was made for the coronation in Kraków. Today it is displayed in the Royal Castle in [[Dresden]], [[Germany]].
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| − | <br clear=both>
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| − | ===Portugal===
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| − | The royal Crown of [[Portugal]] was made in [[1817]]. It was created in [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]], in the workshop of Don [[Antonio Gomes da Silva]], for King [[John VI of Portugal|John VI]]. Today, the crown along with other royal regalia is kept in the [[Ajuda Palace]], [[Lisbon]].
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| − | <br clear=both>
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| − | ===Romania===
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| − | The Romanian Crown Jewels consist of three crowns: the [[Steel Crown of Romania|Steel Crown]], the [[Crown of Queen Elisabeta]] and the [[Crown of Queen Maria]]; and two scepters: the [[Scepter of Ferdinand I]] and the [[Scepter of Carol II]].
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| − | They are displayed at The National History Museum of Romania in Bucharest.
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| − | [http://www.mnir.ro The National History Museum of Romania]
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| − | ===Russia===
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| − | The coronation regalia, such as the [[Great Imperial Crown]], the [[Imperial Orb]] of [[Catherine II]] the Great, the [[Imperial Sceptre]] with the [[Orloff]] diamond, the [[Shah]] diamond, and others are kept at the [[Armoury (Kremlin)|Kremlin Armory]] [[Museum]] in [[Moscow]]. ''Please see [[Imperial Crown of Russia]] and [[Monomakh's Cap]].''
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| − | ====Links====
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| − | * [http://www.alexanderpalace.org/jewels/index.html Jewels of the Romanovs: Treasures of the Russian Imperial Court]
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| − | ===Serbia===
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| − | {{main|Serbian Crown Jewels}}
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| − | ===Spain===
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| − | The old regalia of Spain was destroyed in the [[Great Fire]] of Christmas Eve [[1734]]. In the 19th century, King [[Alphonso]] ordered a new crown and sceptre to be made. They are displayed at accession ceremonies and at the opening of the ''[[Cortes]]'' ([[Parliament]]).
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| − | The crown is made of gold, and it features half-arches resting on 8 plates bearing the emblems of the Kingdom. They are kept today by the ''[[Patrimonio Nacional]]'' (the Crown Heritage).
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| − | All of the jewels and tiaras worn by the members of the [[Spanish Royal Family]] are privately owned by them, because other than the crown and sceptre displayed at the openins of the Cortes, Spain no longer has crown jewels belonging to the state.
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| − | ====Links====
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| − | * [http://www.patrimonionacional.es Patrimonio Nacional]
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| − | ===Sweden===
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| − | [[Sweden|Sweden’s]] Crown Jewels are kept deep in the vaults of the [[Royal Treasury]], underneath the [[Royal Palace in Stockholm]]. The symbols of [[Swedish monarchy]] has not actually been worn since 1907, but they are still displayed at weddings, christenings and funerals. Until 1974 the crown jewels were also displayed at the opening of the ''[[Riksdag]]'' ([[Parliament]]). Among the oldest priceless objects are the sword of [[Gustav Vasa]] and the crown, orb, sceptre and key of King [[Erik XIV]] and numerous other sovereigns. ''Please see [[Swedish Royal Regalia]]''.
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| − | ====Links====
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| − | * [http://www.royalcourt.se/themonarchyinsweden/regalsymbols.4.53abbbfd7ffdfa677fff24324.html The Royal Court of Sweden |Regal Symbols]
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| − | ===United Kingdom===
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| − | * [[England]]
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| − | The [http://www.camelotintl.com/tower_site/jewels/index.html crown jewels] of [[England]], and now of the [[United Kingdom]], are kept in the [[Tower of London]].
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| − | * [[Scotland]]
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| − | The crown jewels, or '[[Honours of Scotland|Honours]]', including the [[Stone of Scone|Stone of Destiny]], are kept in [[Edinburgh Castle]].
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| − | * [[Wales]]
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| − | The [[Honours of the Principality of Wales]].
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| − | The original regalia of the Welsh princes have been lost. [[Llywelyn's coronet]] was kept after its capture with the English crown jewels between [[1284]] and [[1649]].
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| − | * [[Kingdom of Hawaii]]
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| − | Some of the Crown Jewels and the original [[Throne]]s of the Kingdom of Hawaii reside within the custody of the [[Bishop Museum]]. Copies of the thrones can be seen at [[Iolani Palace]]. Some lie in state with the royals at the [[Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii|Royal Mausoleum at Mauna Ala]].
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| − | * [[National Park Service|US National Park System]]
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| − | The National Park ''System'' is often [[Metaphor|metaphorically]] referred to as the [[republic]]'s "[[national treasure]]s", and some of the more famous components as "crown jewels". This is intentionally meant to contrast the monarchical nature of the "[[old world]]" with the republican ideals of the "[[new world]]".
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| − | ==Oceania==
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| − | ===New Zealand===
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| − | * [[Kingitanga]]
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| − | This Kingdom is an unofficial one, but one that has become an important one to [[Māori]] today. The current monarch is [[Tuheitia Paki]]. The crown jewels consist of a cloak.
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| | [[Category: General Reference]] | | [[Category: General Reference]] |
