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*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951 1951]

*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951 1951]

==Definition==

==Definition==

*1 the [[development]] of an increasingly [[integrated]] global [[economy]] marked especially by free trade, free flow of [[capital]], and the tapping of cheaper foreign [[labor]] [[markets]]

*1 the [[development]] of an increasingly [[integrated]] global [[economy]] marked especially by free trade, free flow of [[capital]], and the tapping of cheaper foreign [[labor]] [[markets]]

The term '''globalization''' (or ''globalisation'') refers to [[processes]] of international [[integration]] arising from the interchange of [[worldviews]], products, [[ideas]], and other aspects of [[culture]]. Advances in [[transportation]] and [[telecommunications]] infrastructure, including the rise of the telegraph and its posterity the [[Internet]], are major factors in globalization, generating further [[interdependence]] of economic and cultural activities.

The term '''globalization''' (or ''globalisation'') refers to [[processes]] of international [[integration]] arising from the interchange of [[worldviews]], products, [[ideas]], and other aspects of [[culture]]. Advances in [[transportation]] and [[telecommunications]] infrastructure, including the rise of the telegraph and its posterity the [[Internet]], are major factors in globalization, generating further [[interdependence]] of economic and cultural activities.

Though several [[scholars]] place the origins of globalization in [[modern]] times, others trace its history long before the European [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_discovery age of discovery] and voyages to the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World New World]. Some even trace the origins to the third millennium BCE. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, the [[connectedness]] of the world's economies and cultures grew very quickly.

Though several [[scholars]] place the origins of globalization in [[modern]] times, others trace its history long before the European [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_discovery age of discovery] and voyages to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World New World]. Some even trace the origins to the third millennium BCE. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, the [[connectedness]] of the world's economies and cultures grew very quickly.

The term ''globalization'' has been increasing use since the mid-1980s and especially since the mid-1990s. In 2000, the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund International Monetary Fund] (IMF) identified four basic aspects of globalization: trade and [[transactions]], capital and [[investment]] movements, [[migration]] and movement of people and the [[dissemination]] of [[knowledge]]. Further, environmental challenges such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change climate change], cross-boundary water, air [[pollution]], and over-fishing of the ocean are linked with globalization. Globalizing processes affect and are affected by business and work [[organization]], [[economics]], socio-cultural resources, and the natural environment.

The term ''globalization'' has been increasing use since the mid-1980s and especially since the mid-1990s. In 2000, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund International Monetary Fund] (IMF) identified four basic aspects of globalization: trade and [[transactions]], capital and [[investment]] movements, [[migration]] and movement of people and the [[dissemination]] of [[knowledge]]. Further, environmental challenges such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change climate change], cross-boundary water, air [[pollution]], and over-fishing of the ocean are linked with globalization. Globalizing processes affect and are affected by business and work [[organization]], [[economics]], socio-cultural resources, and the natural environment.

One of the earliest known usages of the term as a noun was in a 1930 publication entitled, ''Towards New Education'', where it denoted a [[holistic]] view of human [[experience]] in [[education]].] A related term, corporate giants, was coined by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell Charles Taze Russell] in 1897 to refer to the largely national trusts and other large enterprises of the time. By the 1960s, both terms began to be used as synonyms by [[economists]] and other [[social scientist]]s. It then reached the [[mainstream]] press in the later half of the 1980s. Since its inception, the concept of globalization has [[inspired]] [[competing]] definitions and [[interpretations]], with antecedents dating back to the great movements of trade and [[empire]] across Asia and the Indian Ocean from the 15th century onwards. Due to the [[complexity]] of the concept, [[research]] projects, articles, and [[discussions]] often remain [[focused]] on a single aspect of globalization.

One of the earliest known usages of the term as a noun was in a 1930 publication entitled, ''Towards New Education'', where it denoted a [[holistic]] view of human [[experience]] in [[education]].] A related term, corporate giants, was coined by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell Charles Taze Russell] in 1897 to refer to the largely national trusts and other large enterprises of the time. By the 1960s, both terms began to be used as synonyms by [[economists]] and other [[social scientist]]s. It then reached the [[mainstream]] press in the later half of the 1980s. Since its inception, the concept of globalization has [[inspired]] [[competing]] definitions and [[interpretations]], with antecedents dating back to the great movements of trade and [[empire]] across Asia and the Indian Ocean from the 15th century onwards. Due to the [[complexity]] of the concept, [[research]] projects, articles, and [[discussions]] often remain [[focused]] on a single aspect of globalization.

[[Reactions]] to processes contributing to globalization have varied widely with a history as long as extraterritorial contact and trade. Philosophical [[differences]] regarding the costs and benefits of such processes give rise to a broad-range of [[ideologies]] and [[social movements]]. Proponents of economic [[growth]], expansion and development, in general, view globalizing processes as desirable or [[necessary]] to the well-being of human society. Antagonists view one or more globalizing processes as detrimental to [[social]] well-being on a global or local scale; this includes those who question either the social or natural [[sustainability]] of long-term and [[continuous]] economic expansion, the social structural inequality caused by these processes, and the colonial, Imperialistic, or hegemonic ethnocentrism, cultural assimilation and cultural appropriation that underlie such processes.

[[Reactions]] to processes contributing to globalization have varied widely with a history as long as extraterritorial contact and trade. Philosophical [[differences]] regarding the costs and benefits of such processes give rise to a broad-range of [[ideologies]] and [[social movements]]. Proponents of economic [[growth]], expansion and development, in general, view globalizing processes as desirable or [[necessary]] to the well-being of human society. Antagonists view one or more globalizing processes as detrimental to [[social]] well-being on a global or local scale; this includes those who question either the social or natural [[sustainability]] of long-term and [[continuous]] economic expansion, the social structural inequality caused by these processes, and the colonial, Imperialistic, or hegemonic ethnocentrism, cultural assimilation and cultural appropriation that underlie such processes.

As summarized by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky Noam Chomsky]:

As summarized by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky Noam Chomsky]:

<blockquote>"The dominant [[propaganda]] systems have appropriated the term "globalization" to refer to the specific version of international [[economic]] [[integration]] that they favor, which privileges the rights of investors and lenders, those of people being incidental. In accord with this usage, those who favor a different form of international integration, which privileges the rights of [[human beings]], become "anti-globalist." This is simply [[vulgar]] propaganda, like the term "anti-Soviet" used by the most disgusting commissars to refer to [[dissidents]]. It is not only vulgar, but idiotic. Take the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Social_Forum World Social Forum] (WSF), called "anti-globalization" in the propaganda system – which happens to include the [[media]], the educated classes, etc., with rare [[exceptions]]. The WSF is a [[paradigm]] example of globalization. It is a gathering of huge numbers of people from all over the world, from just about every corner of life one can think of, apart from the extremely narrow highly privileged [[elites]] who meet at the competing [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forum World Economic Forum], and are called "pro-globalization" by the propaganda system."</blockquote>

<blockquote>"The dominant [[propaganda]] systems have appropriated the term "globalization" to refer to the specific version of international [[economic]] [[integration]] that they favor, which privileges the rights of investors and lenders, those of people being incidental. In accord with this usage, those who favor a different form of international integration, which privileges the rights of [[human beings]], become "anti-globalist." This is simply [[vulgar]] propaganda, like the term "anti-Soviet" used by the most disgusting commissars to refer to [[dissidents]]. It is not only vulgar, but idiotic. Take the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Social_Forum World Social Forum] (WSF), called "anti-globalization" in the propaganda system – which happens to include the [[media]], the educated classes, etc., with rare [[exceptions]]. The WSF is a [[paradigm]] example of globalization. It is a gathering of huge numbers of people from all over the world, from just about every corner of life one can think of, apart from the extremely narrow highly privileged [[elites]] who meet at the competing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forum World Economic Forum], and are called "pro-globalization" by the propaganda system."</blockquote>

Critiques of globalization generally stem from [[discussions]] surrounding the impact of such [[processes]] on the planet as well as the human costs. They challenge directly traditional metrics, such as GDP, and look to other measures, such as the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient Gini coefficient]  or the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Planet_Index Happy Planet Index], and point to a "multitude of interconnected fatal consequences–social [[disintegration]], a breakdown of [[democracy]], more rapid and extensive deterioration of the environment, the spread of new diseases, increasing [[poverty]] and [[alienation]]" which they claim are the unintended consequences of globalization.

Critiques of globalization generally stem from [[discussions]] surrounding the impact of such [[processes]] on the planet as well as the human costs. They challenge directly traditional metrics, such as GDP, and look to other measures, such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient Gini coefficient]  or the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Planet_Index Happy Planet Index], and point to a "multitude of interconnected fatal consequences–social [[disintegration]], a breakdown of [[democracy]], more rapid and extensive deterioration of the environment, the spread of new diseases, increasing [[poverty]] and [[alienation]]" which they claim are the unintended consequences of globalization.

Some opponents of globalization see the [[phenomenon]] as a promotion of corporatist interests. They also claim that the increasing [[autonomy]] and strength of [[corporate]] entities shapes the political policy of countries. They advocate global [[institutions]] and policies that they believe better address the moral claims of poor and working classes as well as environmental concerns. Economic arguments by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_trade fair trade] theorists claim that unrestricted free trade benefits those with more financial leverage (i.e. the rich) at the expense of the poor.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization]

Some opponents of globalization see the [[phenomenon]] as a promotion of corporatist interests. They also claim that the increasing [[autonomy]] and strength of [[corporate]] entities shapes the political policy of countries. They advocate global [[institutions]] and policies that they believe better address the moral claims of poor and working classes as well as environmental concerns. Economic arguments by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_trade fair trade] theorists claim that unrestricted free trade benefits those with more financial leverage (i.e. the rich) at the expense of the poor.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization]

[[Category: Economics]]

[[Category: Economics]]

[[Category: Politics]]

[[Category: Politics]]