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==Origin==
''scape''; intended as [[translation]] of [[Hebrew]] ''ʽazāzēl'' (probably name of a [[demon]]), as if ʽ''ēz 'ōzēl'' goat that departs—[http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Leviticus#Chapter_.16 Lev 16:8]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_century 1530]
The verb "to scapegoat" (noun form "scapegoating") is a [[modern]] form of the older transitive verb-noun construction "to make (someone) a scapegoat". Scapegoat derives from the common [[English]] translation of the Hebrew term ''azazel'' (Hebrew: עזאזל) which occurs in Leviticus 16:8 after the prefix la- (Hebrew לַ "for"). The lexicographer Gesenius and Brown–Driver–Briggs Hebrew Lexicon give ''la-azazel'' (Hebrew: עזאזל) as a reduplicative intensive of the stem azel "remove", hence la-azazel, "for entire removal". This [[reading]] is supported by the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint Greek Old Testament] [[translation]] as "the sender away (of sins)".
Alternatively, broadly contemporary with the Septuagint, the pseudepigrapical [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Enoch Book of Enoch] may preserve Azazel as the name of a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallen_angel fallen angel]. English Christian Bible versions traditionally follow the translation of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint Septuagint] and Latin [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgate Vulgate] which interpret azazel as "the goat that departs" (Greek tragos apopompaios, "goat sent out", Latin ''caper emissarius'', "emissary goat"). [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tyndale William Tyndale] rendered the Latin as "(e)scape goat" in his 1530 Bible. This translation was followed by following versions up to the King James Version of the Bible in 1611:
:"And Aaron shall cast lots upon the two goats; one lot for the Lord, and the other lot for the scapegoat."
Several modern versions however either follow the reading as a [[demon]], Azazel, or footnote "for Azazel." as an alternative reading. Jewish sources in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud Talmud] (Yoma 6:4,67b) give the etymology of azazel as a compound of "az", strong or rough, and "el", mighty, that the goat was sent from the most rugged or strongest of mountains. From the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targums Targums] onwards the term azazel was also seen by some rabbinical commentators as the name of a Hebrew demon, angelic force, or pagan deity. The two readings are still disputed today.
==Definitions==
*1: a goat upon whose head are [[symbolically]] placed the sins of the people after which he is sent into the [[wilderness]] in the biblical [[ceremony]] for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur Yom Kippur]
*2a : one that bears the [[blame]] for others
:b : one that is the object of irrational [[hostility]]
==Description==
In [[modern]] usage a '''scapegoat''' is an [[individual]], [[group]], or country singled out for unmerited [[negative]] treatment or [[blame]]. A [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whipping_boy whipping boy], "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_guy fall guy]" or "patsy" is a form of scapegoat.
In ancient Greece a cripple or beggar or criminal (the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmakos pharmakos]) was [[Exile|cast out]] of the [[community]], either in response to a natural [[disaster]] (such as a plague, famine or an invasion) or in response to a calendrical [[crisis]] (such as the end of the year). In the Bible, the goat for Azazel was a goat that was designated (Hebrew לַעֲזָאזֵֽל ) la-aza'zeyl to be outcast in the desert as part of the ceremonies of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_Atonement Day of Atonement], that began during the Exodus with the original Tabernacle and continued through the times of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem temples in Jerusalem].
In [[psychology]] and [[sociology]], the practice of selecting someone as a scapegoat has led to the concept of scapegoating.
[[Category: Religion]]
[[Category: Psychology]]
[[Category: Sociology]]
==Origin==
''scape''; intended as [[translation]] of [[Hebrew]] ''ʽazāzēl'' (probably name of a [[demon]]), as if ʽ''ēz 'ōzēl'' goat that departs—[http://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/index.php?title=Book_of_Leviticus#Chapter_.16 Lev 16:8]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_century 1530]
The verb "to scapegoat" (noun form "scapegoating") is a [[modern]] form of the older transitive verb-noun construction "to make (someone) a scapegoat". Scapegoat derives from the common [[English]] translation of the Hebrew term ''azazel'' (Hebrew: עזאזל) which occurs in Leviticus 16:8 after the prefix la- (Hebrew לַ "for"). The lexicographer Gesenius and Brown–Driver–Briggs Hebrew Lexicon give ''la-azazel'' (Hebrew: עזאזל) as a reduplicative intensive of the stem azel "remove", hence la-azazel, "for entire removal". This [[reading]] is supported by the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint Greek Old Testament] [[translation]] as "the sender away (of sins)".
Alternatively, broadly contemporary with the Septuagint, the pseudepigrapical [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Enoch Book of Enoch] may preserve Azazel as the name of a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallen_angel fallen angel]. English Christian Bible versions traditionally follow the translation of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint Septuagint] and Latin [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgate Vulgate] which interpret azazel as "the goat that departs" (Greek tragos apopompaios, "goat sent out", Latin ''caper emissarius'', "emissary goat"). [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tyndale William Tyndale] rendered the Latin as "(e)scape goat" in his 1530 Bible. This translation was followed by following versions up to the King James Version of the Bible in 1611:
:"And Aaron shall cast lots upon the two goats; one lot for the Lord, and the other lot for the scapegoat."
Several modern versions however either follow the reading as a [[demon]], Azazel, or footnote "for Azazel." as an alternative reading. Jewish sources in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud Talmud] (Yoma 6:4,67b) give the etymology of azazel as a compound of "az", strong or rough, and "el", mighty, that the goat was sent from the most rugged or strongest of mountains. From the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targums Targums] onwards the term azazel was also seen by some rabbinical commentators as the name of a Hebrew demon, angelic force, or pagan deity. The two readings are still disputed today.
==Definitions==
*1: a goat upon whose head are [[symbolically]] placed the sins of the people after which he is sent into the [[wilderness]] in the biblical [[ceremony]] for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur Yom Kippur]
*2a : one that bears the [[blame]] for others
:b : one that is the object of irrational [[hostility]]
==Description==
In [[modern]] usage a '''scapegoat''' is an [[individual]], [[group]], or country singled out for unmerited [[negative]] treatment or [[blame]]. A [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whipping_boy whipping boy], "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_guy fall guy]" or "patsy" is a form of scapegoat.
In ancient Greece a cripple or beggar or criminal (the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmakos pharmakos]) was [[Exile|cast out]] of the [[community]], either in response to a natural [[disaster]] (such as a plague, famine or an invasion) or in response to a calendrical [[crisis]] (such as the end of the year). In the Bible, the goat for Azazel was a goat that was designated (Hebrew לַעֲזָאזֵֽל ) la-aza'zeyl to be outcast in the desert as part of the ceremonies of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_Atonement Day of Atonement], that began during the Exodus with the original Tabernacle and continued through the times of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem temples in Jerusalem].
In [[psychology]] and [[sociology]], the practice of selecting someone as a scapegoat has led to the concept of scapegoating.
[[Category: Religion]]
[[Category: Psychology]]
[[Category: Sociology]]
